Ana amfani da manyan sifofi na ƙarfe masu girman gaske a filayen wasa, dakunan baje kolin, tashoshi na filin jirgin sama, gine-ginen masana'antu, wuraren sufuri, da sauran manyan wuraren jama'a ko masana'antu.

A cikin manyan tsare-tsare na tsari, tsararrun maki masu goyan baya yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan sassaucin gine-gine. Gabaɗaya, ƙarin tarwatsa masu goyon baya, mafi girman ƙuntatawa akan tsara ƙasa da tsarin sararin samaniya. Sabanin haka, tsarin tallafi mai da hankali yawanci yana ba da sassauci ga ƙirar gine-gine.

Wannan labarin yana gabatar da manyan nau'ikan sifofi na manyan sassa na ƙarfe da kuma taƙaita hanyoyin gini da shigarwa da yawa da aka saba amfani da su.

1. Babban Siffofin Tsarukan Tsarukan Ƙarfe Mai Girma-Span

1.1 Tsarin Tsarin sarari

Firam ɗin sararin samaniya tsarin tsari ne mai girma uku wanda ya ƙunshi mambobi da yawa waɗanda aka haɗa ta kuɗaɗe bisa ƙayyadaddun tsarin lissafi.

Tsarin grid mai Layer-Layer ko Multi-Layer Planar Grid ana kiransa firam ɗin sarari. Yawancin lokaci ana ƙirƙira su daga bututun ƙarfe, sassan ƙarfe na tsari, ko wasu abubuwan ƙarfe masu ƙarfi.

Nau'o'in tsarin firam ɗin sarari gama gari sun haɗa da:

• Firam ɗin sararin samaniya wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin truss na planar

• Firam ɗin dala mai murabba'i

• Filayen sararin samaniya na dala uku

• Firam ɗin sararin dala mai hexagonal

Tsarin firam ɗin sararin samaniya yana ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci da yawa:

• Ingantacciyar rarraba kaya mai girma uku

• Hanyoyi masu haske da kai-tsaye masu ɗaukar nauyi

• Ginin mai nauyi

• Babban taurin tsarin

• Kyakkyawan aikin girgizar ƙasa

• M ƙirƙira da shigarwa

• Madaidaitan mambobi da nodes na haɗi

• Dace da masana'anta prefabrication da taro samar

• Shirye-shiryen gine-gine masu sassauƙa

• Sauƙaƙan haɗin kai na rufi, bututun mai, da kayan aikin injiniya

• Siffar gine-gine mai nauyi da kyan gani

Saboda waɗannan fa'idodin, ana amfani da firam ɗin sararin samaniya don manyan rufin da gine-ginen jama'a.

1.2 Tsarin Sararin Samaniya Shell

Tsarin grid mai lanƙwasa ana kiransa gabaɗaya azaman grid harsashi ko harsashi grid sarari. Dangane da tsarin sa, ana iya raba shi zuwa tsarin harsashi mai Layer-Layer da biyu-Layer.

Dangane da kayan gini, ana iya yin bawo na grid da ƙarfe, katako, siminti mai ƙarfi, ko kayan haɗin gwiwa.

Siffofin tsarin gama gari sun haɗa da:

• Spherical grid bawo

• Hyperbolic grid harsashi

• Silindrical grid bawo

• Hyperbolic paraboloid grid harsashi

Tsarin harsashi na grid yana haɗa halayen sifofin lattice da sifofin bakin ciki-harsashi.

Babban fa'idodin su sun haɗa da:

• Halin tsari mai hankali da inganci

• Dangantakar sauki membobin tsarin

• Babban taurin gaba ɗaya

• Kyakkyawan iyawa mai girma

• Ikon haɗa manyan sifofi daga ƙananan abubuwan da aka riga aka tsara

• Samar da masana'anta na mambobi da nodes na haɗin gwiwa

• Ingantacciyar dacewa akan-site shigarwa

• Rage dogara ga manyan kayan ɗagawa

• Kyakkyawan aikin tattalin arziki gabaɗaya

• Siffofin gine-gine masu sassauƙa da lankwasa geometries

Tsarukan harsashi na grid sun dace musamman don ayyukan da ke buƙatar dogon tazara da ƙirar gine-gine na musamman.

1.3 Tsarin Jiki

Tsarin gabobin jiki, wanda kuma aka sani da tsarin masana'anta, tsarin tsarin tsari ne manya-manyan nauyi waɗanda suka haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20.

Suna amfani da kayan aiki mai sassauƙa mai ƙarfi a matsayin babban tsarin sutura. Ana iya samun kwanciyar hankali na tsari ta hanyar matsa lamba na iska, igiyoyin ƙarfe masu tsauri, ko tsayayyen firam ɗin goyan baya waɗanda ke shigar da ma'auni mai sarrafawa a cikin membrane.

Tsarin tsarin membrane na gama gari sun haɗa da:

• Tsarin membrane mai goyan bayan iska

• Tsarin membrane tensile

• Tsarin membrane mai goyan bayan firam

Babban fa'idodin tsarin membrane sun haɗa da:

• Matsakaicin ƙarancin nauyin kai

• Kyakkyawan iyawa mai girma

• Siffofin gine-gine masu sassauƙa da bayyanawa

• Yi sauri da dacewa

• Kyakkyawan aikin tattalin arziki

• Babban ingantaccen tsari

• Kyawawan kaddarorin watsa haske

• Halayen tsabtace kai tare da kayan membrane masu dacewa

Koyaya, dorewar membrane da buƙatun kulawa na dogon lokaci dole ne a yi la'akari da su a hankali yayin ƙira da zaɓin kayan.

1.4 Tsarin Dakatar da Kebul

Tsarin da aka dakatar da kebul yana amfani da igiyoyi masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi azaman abubuwan farko masu ɗaukar kaya.

Tsarin rufin da aka dakatar yakan ƙunshi manyan sassa uku:

• Tsarin igiyoyi

• Tsarin rufin rufin

• Tsarin tallafi

Siffofin tsarin tsarin kebul na gama gari sun haɗa da:

• An dakatar da tsarin kebul na hanya ɗaya mai Layer Layer

• Radial-Layer single Layer da aka dakatar da tsarin kebul

• An dakatar da tsarin kebul na igiyoyi guda biyu

• Tsarin kebul na kebul mai shimfiɗa biyu-hanyar hanya ɗaya

• Radial prestressed na USB tsarin

• Tsarukan igiyoyin igiyoyi masu kaifi biyu-hanyoyi biyu

• Tsarin hanyar sadarwar kebul da aka rigaya

Babban fasalin tsarin tsarin tsarin kebul da aka dakatar shine cewa lodi na waje galibi ana jure su ta hanyar tashin hankali a cikin igiyoyi.

Wannan yana ba da damar ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfe don a yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata yayin da yake rage lankwasawa da tasiri.

Ƙarin fa'idodi sun haɗa da:

• Tsarin rufin nauyi mai nauyi

• Tsarin tsari mai sassauƙa

• Daidaitawa ga tsare-tsaren gine-gine daban-daban

• Rage buƙatar kayan aiki mai nauyi

• Babban ingancin amfani da kayan aiki

Koyaya, nazarin tsari, sarrafa prestress, ƙididdige lalacewa, da sa ido kan ginin tsarin kebul suna da ɗan rikitarwa. Sabili da haka, ƙirar injiniya a hankali da sarrafa madaidaicin shigarwa suna da mahimmanci.

1.5 Tsarin Sirin-Shell

Tsarin siraran harsashi tsarin tsari ne masu lanƙwasa tare da ƙaramin kauri idan aka kwatanta da radius na curvature.

A cikin injiniyan tsari, harsashi suna gamsarwa kamar:

t / R ≤ 1/20

galibi ana la'akari da harsashi na bakin ciki, inda:

• t yana wakiltar kaurin harsashi

• R yana wakiltar radius na curvature

Dangane da sigar lissafi, ana iya rarraba tsarin harsashi azaman bawo mai jujjuyawa ko harsashi na fassara.

Dangane da kayan gini, zasu iya haɗawa da:

• Ƙarfafa kankare bakin ciki bawo

• Masonry bakin ciki bawo

• Karfe bakin ciki bawo

• Haɗaɗɗen harsashi na bakin ciki

Siffar ƙananan harsashi suna ba da kyakkyawan aiki mai ɗaukar nauyi.

Ƙarfinsu da taurinsu da farko sun fito ne daga sifarsu mai lanƙwasa, wanda ke ba da damar yin jigilar kaya ta musamman ta sojojin membrane maimakon lankwasawa.

A sakamakon haka, sifofin bakin ciki na iya samar da:

• Babban ƙarfi

• Babban tauri

• Rage yawan amfani da kayan

• Canja wurin kaya mai inganci

• Kyakkyawan tsarin tattalin arziki

Don haka sun dace da manyan gine-gine masu faɗi da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar ingantaccen aikin tsarin da keɓaɓɓen lissafi na gine-gine.

2. Hanyoyin Gine-gine na yau da kullum don Tsarin Ƙarfe Mai Girma-Span

2.1 Maɗaukakin Matsayi In-Situ Majalisar

Maɗaukakin maɗaukaki a cikin wurin taro yana nufin haɗa ƙungiyoyin tsari da nodes ɗin haɗin kai kai tsaye a wuraren ƙirar su na ƙarshe.

Don manyan sassa na ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ana buƙatar tallafi na wucin gadi yayin shigarwa don haɓaka daidaiton tsari da nakasar sarrafawa.

Bayan an kammala babban tsari kuma an daidaita shi, ana sauke kayan tallafi na wucin gadi a hankali ko cirewa don tsarin ya kai ga yanayin ƙira na ƙarshe.

Wannan hanya tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin dabaru don gina hadaddun sifofi masu girma dabam.

Dangane da tsarin tallafi, gabaɗaya ana iya raba shi zuwa hanyoyi biyu.

Cikakkun Shigar Zane-zane

Ana yin cikakken zane-zane bisa ga tsayi da lissafi na tsarin, yana ba da damar haɗa dukkan tsarin a tsayi.

Wannan hanyar gabaɗaya ta dace da sifofi masu tsaka-tsaki da tsayi, kamar zauren gida da gine-ginen nuni.

Abubuwan amfani sun haɗa da:

• M gini

• Babban sake amfani da scaffolding

• Daidaitaccen daidaitawa da sarrafa jeri

• Dangantakar ƙarancin ƙwarewar fasaha

Lalacewar sun haɗa da:

• Ana buƙatar ɗimbin ƙira

• Ƙarin aiki a tsayi

• Mafi girma ga haɗarin aminci

• Tsawon lokacin shiri

Shigar Hasumiyar Tallafi na ɗan lokaci

Hasumiya mai goyan baya na ɗan lokaci ko firam ɗin gini an ƙera su na musamman bisa ga lissafin lissafi, kaya, tsayi, da nauyin tsarin.

Wannan hanya ta fi dacewa da tsayin gine-gine ko manyan tsaunuka masu tsayi tare da sassa na tsari masu nauyi.

Abubuwan amfani sun haɗa da:

• Babban kwanciyar hankali a lokacin shigarwa

• Daidaitaccen matsayi

• Saitunan tallafi masu sassauƙa

• Inganta amincin gini

Babban hasaransa shine ƙarancin sake amfani da kayan tallafi na wucin gadi na musamman, wanda zai iya haɓaka farashin kayan aiki da gini.

2.2 Hanyar Shigar Zamiya

Hanyar shigar da zamewa ta ƙunshi haɗa sassan tsarin ƙarfe a wuri ɗaya sannan motsa su tare da waƙoƙin da aka kera na musamman zuwa wurarensu na ƙarshe.

Bayan kowane sashe ya isa wurin ƙirarsa, an haɗa shi da raka'o'in tsarin da ke kusa.

Wannan hanya ta dace musamman idan:

• Wurin ginin yana da iyakacin wurin aiki

• Na'urorin ɗagawa masu nauyi ba za su iya shiga wurin shigarwa cikin sauƙi ba

• Tsarin ginin yana da ɗanɗano na yau da kullun

• Tsarin ya ƙunshi manyan rufin, filayen wasa, ko gine-gine masu buɗewa

Hanyar zamiya na iya rage lokacin shigarwa sosai.

Koyaya, dole ne a sarrafa abubuwan fasaha da yawa a hankali, gami da:

• Zaɓi da ƙirar waƙoƙin zamiya

• Juriya na zamewa

• Aiki tare tsakanin maki masu zamewa da yawa

• Gudun zamewa

• Nakasar tsari yayin motsi

• kwanciyar hankali na ɗan lokaci

2.3 Haɗin Kai Tsaye

Haɗin ɗagawa ya haɗa da haɗa babban sashin tsari a matakin ƙasa sannan haɓaka cikakken tsarin zuwa hawansa na ƙarshe ta amfani da kayan ɗagawa na hydraulic ko wasu tsarin ɗagawa masu aiki tare.

Ana amfani da wannan hanyar don:

• Babban tsarin rufin rufin

• Harsashi grid-Layer guda ɗaya

• Harsashi grid mai Layer biyu

• Manyan kayan rufin rufin

• Ƙarfe mai nauyi mai nauyi

Babban fa'idodinsa sun haɗa da:

• Rage tallafin wucin gadi

• Ƙananan aikin haɗuwa mai tsayi

• Inganta ingancin gini

• Gajeren lokutan shigarwa

• Kyakkyawan yanayin aiki a matakin ƙasa

Babban kalubalen fasaha sun haɗa da:

• Daidaitaccen matsayi na wuraren ɗagawa

• Ikon ɗagawa mai aiki tare

• Damuwa da sarrafa nakasa

• Tsarin tsari yayin ɗagawa

• Sa ido kan gine-gine na ainihi

Sau da yawa ana haɗa ɗaga haɗin kai tare da wasu hanyoyin shigarwa bisa ga yanayin aikin.

2.4 Haɗin kai Hanyar Tensioning

An fi amfani da tashin hankali na haɗin kai don sifofin kebul da tsarin membrane tensile.

Yayin ginin, ana amfani da jacks na hydraulic da yawa ko na'urori masu tayar da hankali a lokaci guda don igiyoyi masu tayar da hankali ko tsarin membrane har sai an sami ma'anar prestress da ƙirar ƙira.

Wannan hanya ta dace musamman don manyan hanyoyin kebul da ke tallafawa da sifofin membrane.

Amfaninsa sun haɗa da:

• Madaidaicin kulawar prestress

• Babban aiki tare

• Ingantacciyar gini

• Rage nauyin aikin hannu

• Ƙananan buƙatun tallafi na ɗan lokaci

• Ingantattun daidaiton shigarwa

Saboda tsarin kebul da membrane suna da matuƙar kula da prestress, daidaitawa tare da sa ido na ainihi suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da aikin tsari.

2.5 Hanyar Fadada Ci gaba don Grid Shells

Hanyar faɗaɗa ci gaba fasaha ce ta ci gaba da shigarwa da aka saba amfani da ita don manyan sifofin harsashi.

Tsarin gine-gine na yau da kullun shine:

1. Haɗa sashin tsakiya na harsashin grid a matakin ƙasa.

2. Ɗaga sashin da aka haɗa zuwa tsayin da aka ƙaddara.

3. Sanya ƙarin sassan harsashi na grid kewaye da kewaye.

4. Ɗaga ƙaƙƙarfan tsari kuma.

5. Maimaita tsari har sai an kammala dukkan harsashi grid.

Wannan hanyar gini tana ba da fa'idodi da yawa:

• Rage tsarin tallafi na ɗan lokaci

• Ana iya kammala babban adadin aikin taro a matakin ƙasa

• Inganta ingancin gini

• Rage aiki a tsayi

• Inganta lafiyar ma'aikaci

• Sauƙin sarrafa ingancin haɗin kai

Saboda waɗannan fa'idodin, hanyar faɗaɗa ci gaba ana ƙara amfani da ita a cikin manyan ayyuka na tsarin ƙarfe na sararin samaniya.

2.6 Hanyar Shigar Cantilever

A cikin hanyar shigarwa na cantilever, ƙananan ƙananan raka'a an fara haɗa su a matakin ƙasa.

Ana ɗaga waɗannan raka'a ta cranes ko wasu kayan aikin ɗagawa zuwa wurarensu na ƙarshe kuma a haɗa su gabaɗaya zuwa tsarin da aka shigar a baya.

Wannan hanyar gabaɗaya ta dace da ƙanana ko ƙarancin tsarin sararin samaniya.

Amfaninsa sun haɗa da:

• Rage tallafin wucin gadi

• Ƙananan farashin gini na wucin gadi

• Tsarin shigarwa mai sassauƙa

Koyaya, hanyar kuma tana ba da ƙalubale da yawa:

• Babban rashin kwanciyar hankali a lokacin shigarwa

• Haɗari mafi girma yayin tsinkewar cantilever

• Wahalar nakasa sarrafa

• Yiwuwar ƙarin damuwa na biyu

• Babban buƙatun don takalmin gyaran kafa na wucin gadi

Kafin amfani da wannan hanyar, dole ne a tabbatar da raka'o'in tsarin da aka shigar don tabbatar da isasshen kwanciyar hankali da taurin kai.

Hakanan ya kamata a aiwatar da kwaikwaiyon tsarin gini da nazari don hasashen lalacewa, sake rarraba damuwa, da kwanciyar hankali na ɗan lokaci.

3. Kammalawa

Manyan sassa na ƙarfe na iya ɗaukar tsarin tsari da yawa, gami da firam ɗin sararin samaniya, grid bawo, tsarin membrane, tsarin da aka dakatar da kebul, da sifofin bakin ciki.

Kowane nau'i na tsarin yana da halaye daban-daban dangane da canja wurin kaya, iyawa ta tsawon lokaci, sassauƙan gine-gine, ingancin kayan aiki, ƙira, da buƙatun shigarwa.

Hakazalika, hanyoyin gine-gine irin su taro mai tsayi a cikin wurin, shigarwa mai zamewa, ɗaga haɗin kai, daidaitawa mai daidaitawa, haɓaka harsashi na grid, da haɓakar cantilever ya kamata a zaɓa bisa ga tsarin tsarin, sikelin aikin, yanayin wurin gini, kayan aiki da ake samu, buƙatun aminci, da jadawalin gini.

Don manyan ayyukan tsarin tsarin ƙarfe, ingantaccen aikin ginin bai kamata kawai ya mai da hankali kan ingancin shigarwa ba amma kuma yayi la'akari da kwanciyar hankali tsarin, sarrafa nakasawa, ƙirar tallafi na ɗan lokaci, ɗaga aiki tare, bincike-matakin gini, da amincin ma'aikaci.

Ƙwararrun injiniyan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, da kuma tsarin shigarwa da aka tsara suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da aminci, inganci, da kuma aiki na dogon lokaci na manyan sassa na karfe.