Izakhiwo zensimbi ezinobubanzi obukhulu zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinkundleni zemidlalo, emahholo emibukiso, ezikhumulweni zezindiza, ezakhiweni zezimboni, izindawo zokuthutha, nezinye izikhungo ezinkulu zomphakathi noma zezimboni.

Ezinhlelweni zesakhiwo esine-span enkulu, ukuhlelwa kwamaphuzu asekelayo kunomthelela omkhulu ekuguquguqukeni kwezakhiwo. Ngokuvamile, lapho izisekelo zihlakazeka kakhulu, kuba mkhulu nemikhawulo yokuhlela phansi kanye nokuhlelwa kwendawo. Ngokuphambene, amasistimu asekelayo agxilile ngokuvamile anikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwedizayini yezakhiwo.

Lesi sihloko sethula izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesakhiwo sezakhiwo zensimbi ezinobubanzi obukhulu futhi sifingqa izindlela ezimbalwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokwakha nokufaka.

1. Izakhiwo Eziyinhloko Zezakhiwo Zensimbi Enkulu

1.1 Isakhiwo sohlaka lwesikhala

Uhlaka lwesikhala luwuhlelo lwesakhiwo olunezinhlangothi ezintathu olwakhiwe amalungu amaningi axhunywe ngamanodi ngokuya ngephethini ethile yejiyomethri.

Amasistimu wegridi enezendlalelo ezimbili noma ezendlalelo eziningi ajwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi amafreyimu esikhala. Ngokuvamile zenziwa ngamashubhu ensimbi, izingxenye zensimbi zesakhiwo, noma ezinye izingxenye zensimbi ezinamandla aphezulu.

Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zezakhiwo zohlaka lwesikhala zifaka:

• Amafreyimu omkhathi akhiwe izinhlelo ze-planar truss

• Amafreyimu wesikhala esiyisikwele sephiramidi

• Amafreyimu wesikhala sephiramidi engunxantathu

• Amafreyimu wesikhala samaphiramidi angamahexagonal

Izakhiwo zohlaka lwesikhala zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

• Ukusabalalisa okusebenzayo komthwalo wezinhlangothi ezintathu

• Izindlela ezicacile neziqondile zokudlulisa umthwalo

• Ukwakhiwa okulula

• Ukuqina okuphezulu kwesakhiwo

• Ukusebenza okuhle kwe-seismic

• Ukwakhiwa nokufakwa kalula

• Amalungu ajwayelekile kanye namanodi okuxhumana

• Ifanele ukwenziwa kwefekthri nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi

• Izakhiwo zezakhiwo eziguquguqukayo

• Ukuhlanganiswa okulula kosilingi, amapayipi, kanye nemishini yemishini

• Ukubukeka okulula nokukhangayo kwezakhiwo

Ngenxa yalezi zinzuzo, amafreyimu wesikhala asetshenziswa kakhulu ophahleni olubanzi olubanzi nezakhiwo zomphakathi.

1.2 Ukwakheka Kwegobolondo Legridi Yesikhala

Isakhiwo segridi egobile ngokuvamile saziwa njengegobolondo legridi noma igobolondo legridi yesikhala. Ngokuvumelana nokucushwa kwayo, ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlelo zegridi zosendlalelo esisodwa kanye nezigaba ezimbili.

Kuye ngezinto zokwakha, amagobolondo egridi angase enziwe ngensimbi, izingodo, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, noma izinto eziyinhlanganisela.

Amafomu esakhiwo ajwayelekile afaka:

• Amagobolondo egridi eyindilinga

• Amagobolondo egridi ye-hyperbolic

• Amagobolondo egridi eyi-cylindrical

• Amagobolondo egridi ye-hyperbolic paraboloid

Izakhiwo zegobolondo legridi zihlanganisa izici zezakhiwo ze-lattice kanye nezakhiwo zegobolondo elincanyana.

Izinzuzo zabo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

• Ukuziphatha kwesakhiwo okunengqondo nokusebenza kahle

• Amalungu esakhiwo alula uma kuqhathaniswa

• Ukuqina okuphezulu okuphelele

• Ikhono elihle kakhulu le-span enkulu

• Ikhono lokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezinkulu ezivela ezingxenyeni ezincane ezakhiwe ngaphambili

• Ukukhiqizwa kwefekthri kwamalungu namanodi okuxhumana

• Ukufakwa endaweni efanele uma kuqhathaniswa

• Ukuncika kokuncika emishinini yokuphakamisa emikhulu kakhulu

• Ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho sekukonke

• Amafomu ezakhiwo aguquguqukayo namajiyometri agobile

Amasistimu amagobolondo egridi afaneleka ngokukhethekile amaphrojekthi adinga kokubili ubude obude kanye nemiklamo ehlukile yezakhiwo.

1.3 Ukwakheka Kwemembrane

Izakhiwo ze-Membrane, ezaziwa nangokuthi izakhiwo zendwangu, ziyizinhlelo zesakhiwo esilula esinezikhala ezinkulu ezithuthuke ngokushesha engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20.

Basebenzisa izinto zolwelwesi eziguquguqukayo ezisebenza kakhulu njengohlelo oluyinhloko lokumboza. Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo kungafinyelelwa ngomfutho womoya, izintambo zensimbi eziqinile, noma amafreyimu aqinile asekelayo ezethula ukucindezela okulawulwayo kulwelwesi.

Amasistimu we-membrane ajwayelekile ahlanganisa:

• Izakhiwo ze-membrane ezisekelwe emoyeni

• Izakhiwo ze-membrane eziqinile

• Izakhiwo ze-membrane ezisekelwa uhlaka

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zezakhiwo ze-membrane zihlanganisa:

• Isisindo somuntu siqu esiphansi kakhulu

• Ikhono elihle kakhulu le-span enkulu

• Amafomu ezakhiwo aguquguqukayo futhi acacile

• Ukwakhiwa okusheshayo nokulula

• Ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho

• Ukusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo

• Izakhiwo ezinhle zokudlulisa ukukhanya

• Izici zokuzihlanza ngezinto ezifanele ze-membrane

Kodwa-ke, ukuqina kwe-membrane kanye nezidingo zokulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokuklama kanye nokukhetha impahla.

1.4 Ukwakheka Okumisiwe Kwekhebula

Izakhiwo ezilengiswe ikhebula zisebenzisa izintambo ezidonsa ngamandla njengezici eziyinhloko ezithwala umthwalo.

Isistimu yophahla olumisiwe evamile ngokuvamile iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Isistimu yekhebula

• Uhlelo lophahla

• Isistimu esekelayo

Amafomu ajwayelekile esakhiwo sekhebula afaka:

• Amasistimu ekhebula amiswe okwendlela eyodwa yongqimba olulodwa

• Amasistimu ekhebula amiswe okwesikhashana ane-radial-layer single

• Amasistimu ekhebula amiswe okwesikhashana anezinhlangothi ezimbili

• Amasistimu ekhebula anomugqa owodwa onendlela eyodwa

• Amasistimu ekhebula ane-prestressed radial

• Amasistimu ekhebula anezendlalelo ezimbili ezinezingqimba ezimbili

• Izakhiwo ezinetha lekhebula elicindezelwe ngaphambili

Isici esiyinhloko sesakhiwo sezinhlelo zamakhebula amisiwe ukuthi imithwalo yangaphandle imelana ngokuyinhloko nge-axial tension ezintanjeni.

Lokhu kuvumela amandla aphezulu ensimbi ukuthi asetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo ngenkathi kunciphisa ukugoba nokugunda imiphumela.

Izinzuzo ezengeziwe zifaka:

• Amasistimu ophahleni angasindi

• Ukuhlelwa kwesakhiwo okuguquguqukayo

• Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinhlelweni zezakhiwo ezahlukene

• Ukwehliswa kwesidingo semishini yokuphakamisa esindayo

• Ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo

Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo, ukulawula ukucindezeleka, ukubala ukuguquguquka, nokuqapha ukwakhiwa kwamasistimu amakhebula kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke, ukuklama kobunjiniyela okucophelela kanye nokulawula ukufakwa okunembayo kubalulekile.

1.5 Isakhiwo Segobolondo Elincane

Izakhiwo zamagobolondo azacile ziyizinhlelo zesakhiwo ezigobile ezinogqinsi oluncane uma kuqhathaniswa ne-radius yazo yokugoba.

Kubunjiniyela besakhiwo, amagobolondo anelisa cishe:

t / R ≤ 1 / 20

ngokuvamile abhekwa njengamagobolondo amancane, lapho:

• t imele ukujiya kwegobolondo

• U-R umele irediyasi yokugoba

Ngokwefomu lejometri, izakhiwo zegobolondo zingahlukaniswa njengamagobolondo ajikelezayo noma amagobolondo okuhumusha.

Ngokusho kwezinto zokwakha, zingabandakanya:

• Amagobolondo amancane kakhonkolo aqinisiwe

• Amagobolondo amancane ama-Masonry

• Amagobolondo ensimbi amancane

• Amagobolondo amancane ahlanganisiwe

Izakhiwo zegobolondo elincanyana zinikeza ukusebenza kahle kokuthwala umthwalo.

Amandla nokuqina kwazo ngokuyinhloko kuvela efomini lazo lejometri eligobile, elivumela imithwalo ukuthi idluliselwe ikakhulukazi ngamandla olwelwesi kunokugoba.

Ngenxa yalokho, izakhiwo zegobolondo elincanyana zinganikeza:

• Amandla aphezulu

• Ukuqina okuphezulu

• Ukusetshenziswa kwempahla encishisiwe

• Ukudluliswa komthwalo okusebenzayo

• Umnotho omuhle kakhulu wesakhiwo

Ngakho-ke zifanele izakhiwo eziningi ezinkulu ezidinga ukusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo kanye nejometri yezakhiwo ehlukile.

2. Izindlela Zokwakha Ezivamile Zezakhiwo Zensimbi Enkulu

2.1 I-High-Altitude In-Situ Assembly

Umhlangano we-high-altitude in-situ ubhekisela ekuhlanganiseni amalungu esakhiwo namanodi okuxhumana ngokuqondile ezindaweni zawo zokugcina.

Ngezakhiwo ezinkulu zensimbi, izisekelo zesikhashana zivame ukudingeka ngesikhathi sokufakwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwesakhiwo nokulawula ukuwohloka.

Ngemva kokuba isakhiwo esiyinhloko sesiqediwe futhi sizinzile, izisekelo zesikhashana zikhishwa kancane kancane noma zisuswe ukuze isakhiwo sifinyelele esimweni saso sokugcina sokuklama.

Le ndlela ingenye yezindlela eziyisisekelo kakhulu zokwakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindawo ezibanzi.

Ngokuya ngesistimu yokusekela, ngokuvamile ingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezimbili.

Ukufakwa Okugcwele Kwesikafula

I-scaffolding egcwele yakhiwe ngokuya ngobude kanye nejometri yesakhiwo, okuvumela uhlelo lonke ukuthi luhlanganiswe endaweni ephakeme.

Le ndlela ngokuvamile ifanele izakhiwo ezinobubanzi nobude obumaphakathi, njengamahholo angaphakathi nezakhiwo zemibukiso.

Izinzuzo zihlanganisa:

• Ukwakhiwa okuguquguqukayo

• Ukusebenziseka kabusha okuphezulu kwe-scaffolding

• Ukulawula ukuhlanganisa nokuqondanisa okulula

• Ubunkimbinkimbi bobuchwepheshe obuphansi ngokuqhathaniswa

Ukungalungi kuhlanganisa:

• Kudingeka inani elikhulu le-scaffolding

• Umsebenzi owengeziwe ekuphakameni

• Ukuchayeka okuphezulu ezingozini zokuphepha

• Isikhathi eside sokulungiselela

Ukufakwa Kwetoho Lokweseka Kwesikhashana

Imibhoshongo yokusekela yesikhashana noma amafreyimu okumiswa aklanywe ngokukhethekile ngokuya ngejometri, umthwalo, ubude, nesisindo sesakhiwo.

Le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu ezakhiweni ezinde noma izakhiwo ezibanzi ezinezingxenye ezisindayo zesakhiwo.

Izinzuzo zihlanganisa:

• Ukuzinza okuphezulu kwesakhiwo ngesikhathi sokufakwa

• Ukuma okunembile

• Ukucushwa kosekelo oluguquguqukayo

• Ukuphepha kwezokwakha okuthuthukisiwe

Ububi bayo obukhulu isilinganiso esiphansi sokuphinda sisetshenziswe sezisekelo zesikhashana eziklanywe ngokukhethekile, ezingase zinyuse izindleko zempahla nezakhiwo.

2.2 Indlela Yokufaka Ukushelela

Indlela yokufaka yokuslayida ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi endaweni eyodwa bese uzihambisa ngamathrekhi aklanywe ngokukhethekile uwayise ezindaweni zawo zokugcina.

Ngemuva kokuthi isigaba ngasinye sifinyelele endaweni yaso yokuklama, sixhunywe namayunithi esakhiwo aseduze.

Le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu uma:

• Indawo yokwakha inendawo yokusebenza elinganiselwe

• Izinto zokuphakamisa ezisindayo azikwazi ukufinyelela kalula endaweni yokufaka

• Uhlelo lokwakha luvamile

• Isakhiwo sihlanganisa uphahla olukhulu, izinkundla, noma izakhiwo ezivulekile emaceleni

Indlela yokuslayida inganciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokufaka.

Nokho, izici eziningana zobuchwepheshe kufanele zilawulwe ngokucophelela, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukukhetha kanye nomklamo wamathrekhi ashelelayo

• Ukumelana nokuslayida

• Ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwamaphoyinti amaningi okuslayida

• Isivinini sokuslayida

• Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo ngesikhathi sokunyakaza

• Ukuzinza kwesikhashana

2.3 Indlela Yokuphakamisa Okudidiyelwe

Ukuphakamisa okuhlanganisiwe kuhilela ukuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yesakhiwo ezingeni eliphansi bese uphakamisa isakhiwo esiphelele sifinyelele ekuphakameni kwaso kokugcina kusetshenziswa imishini yokuphakamisa i-hydraulic noma ezinye izinhlelo zokuphakamisa ezivumelanisiwe.

Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa:

• Izakhiwo ezinkulu zophahla

• Amagobolondo egridi yongqimba olulodwa

• Amagobolondo egridi anezendlalelo ezimbili

• Amasondo amakhulu ophahleni

• Izakhiwo zensimbi ezisindayo

Izinzuzo zayo ezinkulu zihlanganisa:

• Usekelo lwesikhashana oluncishisiwe

• Umsebenzi omncane wokuhlanganisa indawo ephezulu

• Ukwenziwa ngcono kwekhono lokwakha

• Izikhathi zokufaka ezimfushane

• Izimo zokusebenza ezingcono ezingeni eliphansi

Izinselelo ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zihlanganisa:

• Ukuma okunembile kwamaphoyinti okuphakamisa

• Ukulawula ukuphakamisa okuvumelanisiwe

• Ukulawula ukucindezeleka nokuguqulwa

• Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo ngesikhathi sokuphakamisa

• Ukuqapha ukwakhiwa kwesikhathi sangempela

Ukuphakamisa okuhlanganisiwe kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izindlela zokufaka ngokusho kwezimo zephrojekthi.

2.4 Indlela Edidiyelwe Yokungezwani

I-integral tensioning isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zekhebula kanye nezakhiwo ze-membrane eziqinile.

Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, ama-jacks amaningi we-hydraulic noma amadivaysi e-tensioning asetshenziselwa ngesikhathi esisodwa izintambo ezicindezelayo noma izinhlelo ze-membrane kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa i-prestress edingekayo kanye ne-geometry yokuklama.

Le ndlela ifaneleka ngokukhethekile izakhiwo ezinkulu ezisekelwa ikhebula kanye ne-membrane.

Izinzuzo zayo zihlanganisa:

• Ukulawula ukucindezeleka okunembile

• Ukuvumelanisa okuphezulu

• Ukwakhiwa okuphumelelayo

• Umsebenzi wezandla owehlisiwe

• Izidingo zokusekela zesikhashana eziphansi

• Ukunemba kokufaka okuthuthukisiwe

Ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo zekhebula ne-membrane zizwela kakhulu ekucindezelekeni, ukucindezela okuvunyelanisiwe nokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwesakhiwo.

2.5 Indlela Yokunweba Eqhubekayo Yamagobolondo Egridi

Indlela yokwandisa eqhubekayo iyindlela yokufaka ethuthukisiwe evame ukusetshenziselwa izakhiwo zegobolondo legridi enkulu.

Inqubo yokwakha ejwayelekile yile:

1. Hlanganisa ingxenye emaphakathi yegobolondo legridi ezingeni eliphansi.

2. Phakamisa ingxenye ehlanganisiwe ibe ukuphakama okunqunywe kusengaphambili.

3. Faka izingxenye ezengeziwe zegobolondo legridi kumjikelezo.

4. Phakamisa isakhiwo esikhulisiwe futhi.

5. Phinda inqubo kuze kube yilapho lonke igobolondo legridi seliqediwe.

Le ndlela yokwakha inikeza izinzuzo eziningana:

• Ukwehliswa kwezakhiwo ezisekelayo zesikhashana

• Inani elikhulu lomsebenzi wokuhlanganisa ungaqedwa ezingeni eliphansi

• Ikhwalithi yokwakha ethuthukisiwe

• Umsebenzi oncishisiwe ekuphakameni

• Ukuphepha kwabasebenzi okuthuthukisiwe

• Ukulawula okulula kwekhwalithi yokuxhuma

Ngenxa yalezi zinzuzo, indlela yokwandisa eqhubekayo isetshenziswa kakhulu kumaphrojekthi wesakhiwo sensimbi esinezikhala esikhulu.

2.6 Indlela Yokufaka I-Cantilever

Endleleni yokufaka i-cantilever, amayunithi esakhiwo amancane ngokuqhathaniswa ahlanganiswa kuqala ezingeni eliphansi.

Lawa mayunithi abe esephakanyiswa ngama-cranes noma ezinye izinto zokuphakamisa ziye ezindaweni zazo zokugcina futhi axhunywe ngokuqhubekayo esakhiweni esifakwe ngaphambilini.

Le ndlela ngokuvamile ifanelekela izakhiwo zezindawo ezincane noma ezingaxakile kangako.

Izinzuzo zayo zihlanganisa:

• Usekelo lwesikhashana oluncishisiwe

• Izindleko zokwakha zesikhashana eziphansi

• Ukulandelana kokufakwa okuguquguqukayo

Kodwa-ke, le ndlela inezinselele eziningi:

• Ukungaqini okukhulu kwesakhiwo ngesikhathi sokufakwa

• Ingozi ephezulu ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwe-cantilever

• Ukulawula ukuguquguquka okunzima

• Amathuba okucindezela kwesibili okwengeziwe

• Izidingo ezinkulu zokubhula izinyawo zesikhashana

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa le ndlela, amayunithi esakhiwo afakiwe kufanele aqinisekiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza okwanele kwejometri nokuqina.

Ukulingisa kwesakhiwo sesiteji sokwakha nokuhlaziya kufanele futhi kwenziwe ukuze kubikezelwe ukuwohloka, ukusabalalisa kabusha ingcindezi, nokuzinza kwesikhashana.

3. Isiphetho

Izakhiwo zensimbi ezinobubanzi obukhulu zingasebenzisa amasistimu amaningi esakhiwo, okuhlanganisa amafreyimu esikhala, amagobolondo egridi, izakhiwo zolwelwesi, amasistimu amiswe okwesikhashana, kanye nezakhiwo zamagobolondo amancane.

Ifomu ngalinye lesakhiwo linezici ezihlukile ngokuya ngokudluliswa komthwalo, amandla we-span, ukuguquguquka kwezakhiwo, ukusebenza kahle kwempahla, ukwakhiwa, kanye nezidingo zokufakwa.

Ngokufanayo, izindlela zokwakha ezifana nokuhlangana kwe-high-altitude in-situ, ukufakwa kokuslayida, ukuphakamisa okubalulekile, ukuqina kokuvumelanisa, ukunwetshwa kwegobolondo legridi eqhubekayo, kanye nokumiswa kwe-cantilever kufanele kukhethwe ngokuya ngesistimu yesakhiwo, isikali sephrojekthi, izimo zesizinda sokwakha, okokusebenza okutholakalayo, izidingo zokuphepha, nohlelo lokwakha.

Kumaphrojekthi wesakhiwo sensimbi esine-span enkulu, isixazululo sokwakha esiphumelelayo akufanele sigxile ekusebenzeni kahle kokufaka kuphela kodwa futhi sicabangele ukuzinza kwesakhiwo, ukulawulwa kokuguqulwa, ukuklanywa kokusekelwa kwesikhashana, ukuvumelanisa kokuphakamisa, ukuhlaziywa kwesiteji sokwakha, nokuphepha kwabasebenzi.

Idizayini yobunjiniyela obuchwepheshile, ukwakhiwa kwensimbi okunembile, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile, nezinqubo zokufaka ezihlelwe kahle kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha, ikhwalithi, nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwezakhiwo zensimbi ezinkulu.