Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta ukuphepha nokuthembeka kwezakhiwo zensimbi. Nakuba insimbi inikeza amandla aphezulu, i-ductility enhle kakhulu, nokwakhiwa okuphumelelayo, ukuklama okungalungile, amaphutha okwakhiwa, noma izinqubo zokufaka ezingalungile kungase kubangele ukungazinzi kwendawo noma okuphelele.

Ukuqonda izinhlobo nezimbangela zokungaqini kwesakhiwo sensimbi kubalulekile konjiniyela, abakhi, osonkontileka, nabanikazi bephrojekthi. Idizayini ephumelelayo, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, nokuphathwa kwesakhiwo kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokwehluleka kwesakhiwo.

1. Izinhlobo Nezici Zokungaqini Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi

Ukungaqini kwesakhiwo sensimbi ngokuvamile kungahlukaniswa kube ukungazinzi okuphelele nokungazinzi kwendawo . Ngokokuziphatha kwemishini kwesakhiwo, ukungazinzi kungabuye kuhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko.

1.1 Ukuhlanganisa i-Bifurcation Buckling

I-Bifurcation buckling ingenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokungazinzi ezakhiweni zensimbi. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho ilungu lokucindezela eliqondile ekuqaleni noma isakhiwo esilinganayo sifinyelela umthwalo obalulekile futhi sishintsha sisuka esimweni saso sokulinganisa sangempela siye ekucushweni okusha kwebhakede.

Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka:

• Amakholomu ensimbi acindezelwe nge-axially

• Amalungu okucindezela

• Amagobolondo ensimbi angama-cylindrical

• Amapuleti ensimbi angaphansi kwamandla okucindezela

Kuye ngokuziphatha kwesakhiwo ngemva kokufinyelela umthwalo obalulekile, ukubopha i-bifurcation kungahlukaniswa kube amafomu azinzile nangazinzile.

Ku- bifurcation buckling ezinzile , isakhiwo singaqhubeka sithwala umthwalo owengeziwe ngemva kokuguqulwa kokuqala kwe-buckling.

Ekubhixeni i-bifurcation engazinzile , ukuphazamiseka okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa kungase kubangele ukuthi isakhiwo sisuke ngokushesha sisuka ekucushweni kwaso kwasekuqaleni siye kwesinye isimo esiboshiwe, okuholela ekuwohlokeni okukhulu.

1.2 Ukungazinzi Kwephuzu Elilinganiselwe

Ukungaqini kwephuzu elilinganiselwe kwenzeka lapho amandla okuthwala umthwalo welungu lesakhiwo efinyelela inani lawo eliphezulu. Ngale kwaleli phuzu, isakhiwo asisakwazi ukugcina ukulingana okuzinzile, ngisho nangaphandle kokunyuka okungazelelwe komthwalo wangaphandle.

Lolu hlobo lokungazinzi luvame ukuhlotshaniswa noku:

• Amalungu okucindezela alayishwe ngendlela efanele

• Amakholomu-amakholomu akhonjelwe ekugobeni okuhlanganisiwe nokucindezelwa

• Amalungu anejika lokuqala

• Izingxenye ezinokugqama kokuqala

• Izakhiwo ezihlangabezana nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwepulasitiki

Ukungapheleli kwasekuqaleni kunganciphisa kakhulu amandla okuzinza kwamalungu ensimbi, okwenza umklamo onembile nokulawulwa kokwenziwa kubaluleke kakhulu.

1.3 Ukungaqini ngokoqobo

Ukungaqini kwe-snap-through kwenzeka lapho isakhiwo sishintsha ngokuzumayo ukusuka ekucushweni kokulingana kuya kokunye.

Ngokungafani ne-bifurcation buckling evamile, lolu hlobo lokungazinzi lungenzeka ngaphandle kwephoyinti elisobala le-bifurcation. Ukushintsha okungazelelwe ekucushweni kwesakhiwo kungadala ukugudluka okukhulu kanye nokuguqulwa ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu.

Impatho esheshayo ingenzeka kwezinye izimo:

• Izakhiwo zensimbi ezinde

• Izakhiwo zesikhala

• Izinhlelo zesakhiwo ezigobile

• Amakhothamo angajulile

• Izakhiwo zegobolondo

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuwohloka okudlulele kungalimaza kakhulu izingxenye zesakhiwo nokuxhumana, ukungazinzi kwe-snap-through kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya nokuklama kwesakhiwo.

2. Izimbangela Eziyinhloko Zokwehluleka Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi

Izingozi zokuntengantenga kwesakhiwo sensimbi ngokuvamile zibangelwa yinhlanganisela yezinto esikhundleni sembangela eyodwa. Lezi zinto zingase zivele ngesikhathi sokuklanywa kwesakhiwo, ukwenziwa, ukuthutha, ukumiswa, noma ukusebenza.

Ukwehluleka ukungazinzi ngokuvamile kungahlukaniswa kube ukuntengantenga kwesakhiwo kanye nokuntengantenga kwamalungu endawo.

2.1 Izimbangela Zokungaqini Kwesakhiwo Sekukonke

Idizayini Engalungile Yesakhiwo

Amaphutha edizayini angenye yezimbangela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokungaqini kwesakhiwo.

Kwezinye izimo, abaklami bangagxila kuphela ekuzinzeni kwemishayo ngayinye noma amakholomu kuyilapho bebheke ukuzinza kwalo lonke uhlelo lwesakhiwo. Ukuqagela okungalungile mayelana nezimo zemingcele, ukuqina kokusekelwa, inhlanganisela yomthwalo, noma ubude belungu obusebenzayo kungase kuholele ekubalweni kokuzinza okunganembile.

Ngakho-ke idizayini yesakhiwo ethembekile kufanele ihlole kokubili ukuzinza kwelungu ngalinye kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kohlelo oluphelele lwesakhiwo.

Ukungapheleli Kokwenziwa

Izingxenye zensimbi azikwazi ukukhiqizwa ngokuphelela okuphelele kwejometri.

Ukungapheleli okujwayelekile kokwenziwa kuhlanganisa:

• Ukugoba kokuqala

• I-eccentricity yokuqala

• Ukuphazamiseka kokushisela

• Ukucindezeleka kokushisela okusele

• Ukuchezuka kwe-Dimensional

• Ukungahambi kahle kwezingxenye

Lokhu kungapheleli kunganciphisa ukumelana kwangempela kwamalungu esakhiwo, ikakhulukazi amalungu azacile.

Ngakho-ke izinqubo ezifanele zokwenziwa, ukuhlolwa kobukhulu, ukulawula ukushisela, nezindlela zokulungisa zibalulekile.

Ukubhula Kwesikhashana Okungenele Ngesikhathi Sokufaka

Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi, ifreyimu yesakhiwo kungenzeka ukuthi ayizange idale uhlelo oluphelele noluzinzile lokuthwala umthwalo.

Ngaphambi kokuba kuhlanganiswe unomphela, imishayo, amakholomu, amasistimu ophahleni, namanye amalungu esakhiwo axhunywe ngokugcwele, izisekelo zesikhashana nokuhlanganisa kufanele kunikeze ukuzinza okwanele.

Amalungiselelo okuhlanganisa esikhashana angalungile, amandla okuhlanganisa anganele, noma ukususwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwezisekelo zesikhashana kungase kubangele amalungu ngamanye noma ngisho nalo lonke uhlaka lwesakhiwo ukuthi luwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuzinza kokumiswa kufanele kubhekwe ngokucophelela njengokuzinza kwesakhiwo esiqediwe.

2.2 Izimbangela Zokuntengantenga Kwesakhiwo Sendawo

Ukungazinzi kwendawo ngokuvamile kuthinta amapuleti ngamanye noma izingxenye zesakhiwo kunesakhiwo sonke. Kodwa-ke, ukubopha okuqinile kwendawo kungase kunciphise amandla okuthwala umthwalo welungu futhi ekugcineni kuthinte uhlelo lonke lwesakhiwo.

Izilinganiso ezingalungile zobubanzi-kuya-ubukhulu

Amapuleti ensimbi asetshenziswa emishayweni namakholomu kufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo ezishiwo zokuzacisa.

Uma isilinganiso sobubanzi nobukhulu be-flange noma isilinganiso sobude ukuya kogqinsi sewebhu sidlula imikhawulo yedizayini evumelekile, ukubophana kwendawo kungase kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba ilungu lifinyelele umthamo walo ohlosiwe wokuthwala umthwalo.

Ngakho-ke, ukuklanywa kwesigaba esifanele kanye nokuhambisana namazinga asebenzayo esakhiwo kubalulekile.

Imininingwane Yesakhiwo Enganele

Izifunda ezingaphansi kwamandla agxilile ngokuvamile zidinga ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe.

Isibonelo, ama-stiffener angafakwa nxazonke:

• Amaphoyinti okulayisha agxilile

• Ukuxhumana kwekholomu ye-Beam

• Izindawo zokusekela

• Izixhumanisi ze-Crane beam

• Izindawo ezingaphansi kwamandla aphezulu okugunda

Iziqinisi ezinganele, isikhala sokuqina esingafanele, noma imininingwane yokuxhumana engenangqondo ingase ibangele ukuwohloka kwendawo noma ukugoqa.

Ama-diaphragms nezinye izingxenye zokuqinisa zingase zidingeke ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina kwesakhiwo nokugcina i-geometry eklanyelwe yelungu.

Ukukhetha Okungalungile Kwephoyinti Lokuphakamisa

Izinqubo zokuphakamisa nokufaka zingadala izimo zokulayisha okwesikhashana ezihluke kakhulu esimweni sokugcina sokuklama.

Izindawo zokuphakamisa ezingafanele zingase zikhiqize izikhathi zokugoba ezidlulele, ukugoqa, noma izingcindezi zasendaweni ngaphakathi kwamalungu ensimbi.

Ezingxenyeni zensimbi ezinde noma ezincane, amaphuzu okuphakamisa kufanele aklanywe ngokucophelela ngokusho kwejometri yelungu, ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo, ukuqina, kanye nendlela yokuphakamisa.

Ukuqiniswa kwesikhashana kungase kudingeke ngesikhathi sokuthutha nokumiswa.

3. Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela Nokuphatha Ukungaqini Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi

Uma kwenzeka ukungazinzi okubi kakhulu, isakhiwo singase sibe nokuwohloka okukhulu noma ukuwa kwengxenye noma okuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ukuvimbela kubaluleke kakhulu kunesenzo sokulungisa ngemva kwengozi.

Ukuphathwa kokuqina okusebenzayo kufanele kufake inqubo ephelele yephrojekthi, okuhlanganisa ukuklama, ukwakhiwa, ukuthutha, ukumiswa, ukuhlolwa, nokugcinwa.

3.1 Thuthukisa Ikhwalithi Yedizayini Yesakhiwo

Onjiniyela bezakhiwo kufanele babe nokuqonda okuphelele kokuzinza kwesakhiwo sensimbi futhi bacabangele kokubili izingxenye zomuntu ngamunye kanye nohlelo oluphelele lwesakhiwo.

Ngesikhathi sokuklama, kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile:

• Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo kukonke

• Ubuncane belungu

• Ubude obusebenzayo bamalungu okucindezela

• Ukuqina kokuxhumana

• Izimo zokusekela

• Amasistimu wokubopha

• Ukubopha kwamapuleti asendaweni

• Ukuqina kwesiteji sokwakha

• Umoya, i-seismic, neminye imithwalo yedizayini

Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuzinza komhlaba kanye nendawo kumele kubuyekezwe esikhundleni sokuthi kuthathwe njengezinkinga ezizimele ngokuphelele.

3.2 Yehlisa Izinkinga Zokwenziwa

Ukugoba kwasekuqaleni, ukucaca, ukuwohloka kwe-welding, nokuchezuka kobukhulu kungase kuthinte kabi ukuqina kwesakhiwo.

Ngakho-ke abakhi bensimbi kufanele basebenzise izinqubo eziqinile zokukhiqiza nokulawula izinga, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukusika impahla enembile

• Ukulandelana kwe-welding elawulwayo

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Dimensional

• Ukulawulwa kwe-welding deformation

• Ukuhlolwa kokuqina

• Izinqubo zokulungisa ezifanele

• Ukuhlola ukunemba kwembobo yokuxhumana

• Ukuhlolwa kwengxenye yokugcina ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa

Imishini yokukhiqiza ethuthukisiwe nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezisezingeni zingasiza ekunciphiseni ukungapheleli kwejometri futhi kuthuthukise ukuhambisana kwezingxenye zesakhiwo.

3.3 Nikeza Ukubhucungwa Kwesikhashana Okwanele

Isakhiwo sensimbi singase sibe sengozini ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokumiswa ngoba uhlelo oluhlala njalo lwesakhiwo alukakaqedi.

Uhlelo olunemininingwane yokumiswa kufanele lucacise:

• Izindawo zokugezela zesikhashana

• Ukulandelana kokufakwa

• Izinqubo zokuphakamisa

• Izidingo zosekelo zesikhashana

• Ukulandelana kokuxhumana

• Imibandela yokususa i-bracing

Ukubamba izinyawo kwesikhashana kufanele kususwe kuphela ngemva kokuba uhlelo oluhlala njalo lwesakhiwo seluzuze ukuzinza okwanele.

3.4 Qinisa Amalungu Esakhiwo Esibalulekile

Lapho isakhiwo sensimbi esikhona sibonisa ukuzinza okunganele noma ukuguqulwa ngokweqile, izinyathelo zokuqinisa ezifanele zingadingeka.

Ngokuya ngesimo sesakhiwo, izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuqinisa zihlanganisa:

• Ukwengeza ama-stiffeners

• Ukwandisa ukujiya kwepuleti

• Ukwengeza amapuleti ensimbi

• Ukuqinisa ukuxhumana

• Ifaka i-bracing eyengeziwe

• Ukushintsha amalungu alimele

• Ukulungisa izingxenye ezikhubazekile

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqiniswe, onjiniyela kufanele babone imbangela yangempela yokungazinzi futhi bahlole umthamo osele wokuthwala umthwalo wesakhiwo.

4. Ukubaluleka Kokulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Kuwo Wonke Umsebenzi

Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo sensimbi akuncikile kuphela ekubalweni kwesakhiwo kodwa futhi nasekunembeni kokwakhiwa, ikhwalithi yokufaka, nokuphathwa kwephrojekthi.

Uhlelo olusebenzayo lokulawula ikhwalithi kufanele luhlanganise yonke inqubo:

Idizayini Yesakhiwo → Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile → Ukwenziwa Kwensimbi → Ukuhlola Okushisela → Ukuhlola Okuyi-Dimensional → Ukwelashwa Okungaphezulu → Ukupakisha → Ezokuthutha → Ukufakwa → Ukuhlola Kokugcina

Ngokuhlaziywa kobunjiniyela okucophelelayo, ukwakhiwa okulawulwayo, ukuqiniswa kwesikhashana okufanele, kanye nezinqubo zokumiswa kochwepheshe, ingozi yokungaqini kwesakhiwo sensimbi ingancishiswa kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukungaqini kwesakhiwo sensimbi kuyinkinga yobunjiniyela eyinkimbinkimbi ethonywa ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, ikhwalithi yokwenziwa, izindlela zokwakha, ukungapheleli kwasekuqaleni, nezimo zangempela zokulayisha.

Kokubili ukuzinza okuphelele nokwasendaweni kufanele kucatshangelwe kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo wesakhiwo sensimbi.

Kumaphrojekthi wokwakha ngensimbi, ukuklama kwesakhiwo sochwepheshe, ukwakhiwa okunembayo, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile, nezinqubo zokufaka ezihlelwe kahle kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokuthembeka kwesakhiwo sesikhathi eside.

Kwa- ZSJH Steel , sihlinzeka ngezinsiza ezididiyelwe zesakhiwo sensimbi ezihlanganisa ukwesekwa kobunjiniyela, ukwenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, ukupakishwa kokuthekelisa, kanye nesiqondiso sokufaka. Ngokulawula zonke izigaba zephrojekthi, sisiza amakhasimende ukuthi azuze izixazululo eziphephile, ezinzile, nezithembeke kakhulu zesakhiwo sensimbi.