Izakhiwo zensimbi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni zezimboni, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, izikhungo zezentengiselwano, izimboni zamandla kagesi, amabhuloho, izinhlelo zokugcina, namanye amaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela. Amandla abo amahle kakhulu, idizayini eguquguqukayo, ukwakhiwa okuphumelelayo, nokufakwa okulula kubenza babe yisixazululo esibalulekile sokwakhiwa kwesimanje.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukuzinza, nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwesakhiwo sensimbi, abakhiqizi kufanele bakhethe izingxenye ezifanele zesakhiwo futhi bathuthukise inqubo yokwenziwa kwensimbi efanele ngokusho komklamo wephrojekthi, ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe, kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi.

1. Izingxenye Zesakhiwo Sensimbi Ejwayelekile

Izakhiwo zensimbi zakhiwe izingxenye ezihlukene ezithwalayo nezisekelayo. Izingxenye zensimbi ezijwayelekile zifaka:

• Imishayo yensimbi

• Amakholomu ensimbi

• Izinsimbi zensimbi

• Imibhoshongo yensimbi nezinsika

• Amafreyimu esikhala sensimbi

• Amapulatifomu ensimbi

• Amathangi amakhulu okugcina insimbi

• Imikhumbi yokucindezela

• Amapayipi ensimbi

• Amafreyimu ensimbi yesitshalo samandla

• Izakhiwo zesithando somlilo sezimboni

• Izakhiwo zokugcina okusanhlamvu

• Izakhiwo zokugcina impahla kanye neshabhu

• Izingxenye zensimbi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso

Uhlobo, usayizi, ibanga lezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nendlela yokuxhuma yengxenye ngayinye kunqunywa ngokuya ngomsebenzi wesakhiwo, imithwalo yesakhiwo, ubude besikhathi, ubude, izimo zemvelo, namazinga omklamo asebenzayo.

Onjiniyela bezakhiwo bahlaziya izici zephrojekthi bese bekhetha izinto zensimbi ezifanele kanye nezinhlelo zesakhiwo. Izingxenye zibe sezixhunywa ngokusebenzisa i-welding, ama-bolts aphezulu, ama-bolts ajwayelekile, noma i-riveting ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo oluzinzile lwesakhiwo esinobukhulu obumisiwe bejometri.

Isakhiwo sensimbi esiklanywe kahle kufanele sinikeze amandla anele, ukuqina, ukuzinza, ukuqina, nokunemba kokufaka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokusebenza kwesakhiwo.

2. Izici Eziyinhloko Zokwenziwa Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi

Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kuhluke kakhulu kukhonkolo wendabuko noma ukwakhiwa kwamatshe. Izingxenye eziningi zensimbi zenziwa endaweni yefekthri elawulwayo ngaphambi kokuba zihanjiswe endaweni yokwakha ukuze zifakwe.

Inqubo yokwenziwa kufanele ithuthukiswe ngokuya ngesakhiwo sesakhiwo, uhlobo lwengxenye, imininingwane yokuxhuma, ukubekezelelana kobukhulu, namazinga ekhwalithi yephrojekthi.

2.1 Izingxenye Ezihlukene Zidinga Izinqubo Ezihlukene Zokukhiqiza

Ubunkimbinkimbi bokwenziwa kwensimbi buyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwengxenye yesakhiwo.

Ezinye izingxenye zensimbi ezijwayelekile zingakhiqizwa ngezinqubo ezilula. Isibonelo, amaphrofayili ensimbi ajwayelekile angadinga kuphela ukusika, ukubhoboza, ukushisela, nokwelashwa kwendawo.

Kodwa-ke, izingxenye zesakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinamanodi okuxhumana akhethekile, izimo ezingajwayelekile, amapuleti asindayo, noma ukubekezelelana okuqinile kwe-dimensional kudinga izinqubo zokwenziwa ezinemininingwane eyengeziwe.

Lezi zinqubo zingabandakanya:

• CNC ukusika kanye nephrofayili

• Ukulungiselela i-Edge kanye nokugubha

• Ukuhlanganisa nokubeka

• Ukuhlolwa kokushisela nokushisela

• Ukulungiswa komshini

• Ukubhoboza nokucutshungulwa kwemigodi

• Ukusika ngomshini noma ngokunemba

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Dimensional

• Ukuqhunyiswa kwesibhamu nokulungiswa kwendawo

• Umdwebo we-anti-corrosion

• Ukuhlanganiswa kwesivivinyo noma ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphambili

Isigaba ngasinye sokukhiqiza kufanele silawulwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izingxenye eziqediwe zihlangabezana nemidwebo yokuklama kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe.

2.2 Izidingo Eziphakeme Zokunemba Kobukhulu

Ukunemba kwe-Dimensional kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni insimbi yesakhiwo.

Ngisho nokuchezuka okuncane kubude bengxenye, indawo yembobo, i-engeli yepuleti lokuxhuma, noma ukuwohloka kwe-welding kungase kudale ubunzima ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwesayithi. Amaphutha amakhulu obukhulu angase athinte ukuqondanisa, ukuzinza, nokusebenza okuthwala umthwalo kuso sonke isakhiwo.

Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi kufanele balawule ngokuqinile:

• Ubude nobubanzi bengxenye

• Ukujiya kwepuleti lensimbi

• Ububanzi bembobo kanye nesikhala

• Indawo yepuleti lokuxhuma

• Ukuqondisa kwe-beam nekholomu

• Ubukhulu be-diagonal

• I-Welding deformation

• Ukubekezelelana komhlangano

Imishini yokulinganisa ethuthukisiwe kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ubukhulu bezingxenye zensimbi ngaphambi kokulethwa.

2.3 Ikhwalithi Yokushisela Ibalulekile

I-Welding ingenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuxhuma ezisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwesakhiwo sensimbi. Ikhwalithi ye-Weld ithonya ngokuqondile amandla esakhiwo nokuphepha kwesakhiwo esiphelile.

Ngaphambi kokushisela, indawo yensimbi kufanele ilungiswe kahle, futhi ifomu elihlangene, indlela yokushisela, ukulandelana kwe-welding, imingcele ye-welding, nezinto zokugcwalisa kufanele kukhethwe ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokuklama.

Ama-welders afanelekayo kufanele enze umsebenzi wokushisela ngokuhambisana nezinqubo zokushisela ezigunyaziwe.

Ngokuya ngezidingo zephrojekthi, ukuhlolwa kwe-weld kungabandakanya:

• Ukuhlola okubonakalayo

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic

• Ukuhlolwa kwezinhlayiyana zikamagnetic

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Penetrant

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Radiographic

Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokushisela okuqinile kusiza ukuvimbela amaphutha afana nokuqhekeka, ukungena okungaphelele, i-porosity, ukufakwa kwe-slag, i-undercutting, kanye nokuguqulwa ngokweqile.

2.4 Izingxenye Eziyinkimbinkimbi Zingase Zidinge Umshini Wokunemba

Ezingxenyeni ezinamanodi ayinkimbinkimbi noma izidingo zokunemba okuphezulu kokufakwa, izinqubo zokusika ezijwayelekile kanye nezokushisela zingase zinganele.

Ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe, ukugaya, ukubhola, ukugaya, noma ukusika okunembayo kungase kudingeke ukuze kuzuzwe ukubekezelelana okucacisiwe kwe-dimensional kanye nokunemba kokuxhuma.

Ukucubungula ukunemba kubaluleke kakhulu ku:

• Izakhiwo zensimbi ezinzima

• Ama-trusses amakhulu

• Izakhiwo zensimbi eziphakeme

• Amabhuloho ensimbi

• Izakhiwo zokusekela izisetshenziswa

• Amafreyimu ezitshalo zezimboni

• Izingxenye zensimbi ezimise okukhethekile

Ukucutshungulwa ngokucophelela kuthuthukisa ukulingana phakathi kwezingxenye futhi kunciphisa umsebenzi wokulungisa ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwesayithi.

2.5 I-Factory Pre-Assembly Ithuthukisa Ukunemba Kokufaka

Ngezakhiwo zensimbi ezinkulu, eziyinkimbinkimbi, noma ezinembayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphambili kwefekthri kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokulawula ikhwalithi.

Ngemva kokuba izingxenye seziphumelele ukuhlolwa, umenzi angase ahlanganise okwesikhashana izingxenye ezibalulekile zesakhiwo ngaphakathi kwemboni yokwenziwa ngokuya ngemidwebo yokuklama namazinga asebenzayo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphambili kusiza ukuqinisekisa:

• I-geometry yesakhiwo jikelele

• Ukunemba okufanayo kwamaphoyinti okuxhumana

• Ukuqondanisa kwe-bolt-hole

• Ubukhulu bengxenye

• Ukulandelana kokufakwa

• Ukuma kwepuleti lokuxhuma

• Ukugxambukela okungenzeka phakathi kwezingxenye

Noma yiziphi izinkinga ezihlonziwe ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwangaphambili zingalungiswa ngaphambi kokuba izingxenye zensimbi zilethwe endaweni yokwakha.

Le nqubo inciphisa ubungozi bokufaka, inciphisa isikhathi sokumiswa kwesayithi, futhi isiza ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi iyonke yesakhiwo sensimbi.

3. Inqubo Yokwenza Isakhiwo Sensimbi Esijwayelekile

Nakuba inqubo yokwenziwa okuyiyonayona ihluka kusuka kuphrojekthi kuye kwelinye, ukuhamba komsebenzi okuvamile kokukhiqizwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kuhlanganisa:

1. Ukubuyekezwa kwemidwebo yokuklama kanye nokucaciswa kobuchwepheshe

2. Ukulungiswa kwemidwebo yokwenziwa

3. Ukuhlola impahla eluhlaza

4. Ipuleti lensimbi nokusika iphrofayili

5. Ukubhoboza imbobo nokulungiselela unqenqema

6. Ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokumiswa kwengxenye

7. Ukushisela nokulungiswa

8. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Dimensional kanye ne-weld

9. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesivivinyo lapho kudingeka

10. Ukuqhuma kwesibhamu nokususwa kokugqwala

11. I-Primer kanye ne-coating coating

12. Ukumaka, ukupakisha, nokuthunyelwa

Zonke izigaba kufanele zilandele inqubo yokulawula ikhwalithi ebhaliwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulandeleka kanye nekhwalithi yokukhiqiza engaguquki.

4. Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Ekwenziweni Kwezinsimbi Zesakhiwo

Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo zemidwebo yephrojekthi, imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, amazinga okukhiqiza, namakhodi wokwakha wendawo.

Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuvame ukuhlanganisa:

• Izitifiketi zezinto zensimbi

• Ubukhulu bempahla eluhlaza kanye nesimo sendawo

• Ukufaneleka kwenqubo yokushisela

• Iziqu zokushisela

• Ukubukeka kwe-weld kanye nekhwalithi yangaphakathi

• Ubukhulu bengxenye nokubekezelelana

• Ukunemba kwe-bolt-hole

• Ukulungiswa kwendawo

• Ukujiya kopende kanye nekhwalithi yokunamathela

• Ukuhlonza ingxenye kanye nokupakishwa

Uhlelo oluphelele lokuhlola lusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke ingxenye yensimbi ifanele ukuthuthwa, ukufakwa, nokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside.

5. Isiphetho

Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kuyinqubo yokukhiqiza enobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ehlanganisa ubunjiniyela besakhiwo, ukukhetha impahla, ukusika, ukuhlanganisa, ukushisela, ukukhanda imishini, ukuhlola, ukwelapha indawo engaphezulu, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwangaphambili.

Izingxenye zensimbi ezilula zingadinga izinqubo zokwenziwa eziyisisekelo kuphela, kuyilapho izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinamanodi akhethekile kanye nezidingo zokunemba okuqinile zidinga ukuhlelwa kwenqubo enemininingwane kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi okunembayo.

Ngokulandela izinqubo zokwenziwa ezigunyaziwe kanye nokuhlola okuqinile kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhiqiza, abakhiqizi besakhiwo sensimbi banganikeza izingxenye ezinokwethenjelwa ezihlangabezana nezidingo zephrojekthi futhi baqinisekise ukufakwa kwesayithi okuphumelelayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwensimbi yesakhiwo ngochwepheshe akuthuthukisi nje kuphela ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwesakhiwo kodwa futhi kunciphisa ubunzima bokufaka, kufinyeza isikhathi sokwakha, futhi kusekele ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwaso sonke isakhiwo sensimbi.