Izindawo ze-expo ezinkulu zidinga okungaphezu kophahla phezu kwekamelo elikhulu. Badinga izikhala ezinde ezicacile, umthamo omkhulu wokulinganisa, ukulethwa okusheshayo, ukusebenza komlilo okuthembekile, ukunyakaza okuphumelelayo kwesixuku, kanye nokuvumelana nezimo zokusingatha imicimbi ehluke kakhulu ehholo elilodwa. Kulowo mongo, i Isakhiwo sensimbi yezohwebo ngokuvamile siyisiqalo esingcono kunokhonkolo oqinisiwe wegobolondo lendawo enkulu. Yehlisa isisindo sesakhiwo, ifinyeze isikhathi sokumiswa, isekele ukunwetshwa okuzayo, futhi yenza kube lula ukudala amahholo angenakholomu anemizila ehlanganisiwe ye-MEP kanye nemithwalo yemicimbi emisiwe.

An Ngakho-ke i-Exhibition Hall Steel Structure kufanele ihlolwe njengempahla yokusebenza, hhayi nje njengohlaka. Izinqumo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ngohlelo lwe-span, ukulayisha phansi, ukunyakaza okushisayo, ukuvikelwa komlilo, indawo evalekile, nendlela yokumisa indawo eqashwayo, isivinini sokushintsha umcimbi, izindleko zokulungisa, namandla emali engenayo yesikhathi eside. Lo mhlahlandlela ubuyekeza izindaba ezisemqoka zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla ezinquma ukuthi indawo enkulu yombukiso yenza kahle yini enkonzweni futhi ihlala ibiza imali eningi phakathi nomjikelezo wayo wokuphila.

Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile

• Insimbi iwina ngeshejuli nokuvumelana nezimo: Isakhiwo esikhulu esingu-100,000㎡ singakhiwa cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-120, ngokuvamile sifinyeze ukulethwa ngo-30%–40% uma kuqhathaniswa nokhonkolo ovamile oqinisiwe.

• Ukukhethwa kwe-span kushayela inani lebhizinisi: Amapayipi amapayipi angafinyelela ku-160m ububanzi obucacile; amafreyimu omkhathi asebenza kahle aze afike ku-120m; amasistimu ama-hybrid ngokuvamile afaneleka kakhulu kumakhempasi esikhungo semibukiso esisetshenziswa ngokuxubile.

• Ukusebenza komthwalo osindayo kufanele kuklanywe kusenesikhathi: Amasistimu aphansi ayinhlanganisela enezendlalelo ezimbili angasekela imithwalo ebukhoma efika ku-15kN/㎡, kuyilapho izindawo ezikhethekile ezisezingeni eliphansi zingadizayinelwa imishini esinda kakhulu nemibukiso emikhulu.

• Ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza kuncike kokungaphezu kohlaka: Izindawo ezimiswe ophahleni, umzila wamapayipi emigodini ye-truss, ukufinyelela kwemoto esindayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-acoustic, nezinhlelo zezindonga zesikhashana konke kuthinta ukwenza imali kwendawo.

• Inani le-Lifecycle liwinwa ngemininingwane: Isu lokunqanda ukugqwala, isilinganiso somlilo, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi, izilawuli ezihlakaniphile, i-BIPV, kanye nokuhlelwa kokulungisa kuvame ukuba nomthelela we-TCO owengeziwe kunesihloko sensimbi se-tonnage sodwa.

Isakhiwo Sensimbi Yezentengiselwano vs. Ukhonkolo Oqinisiwe Wemiklamo Emikhulu Yehholo Lombukiso

Isinqumo sokuqala ukuthi ngabe insimbi iyisistimu eyisisekelo efanele yephrojekthi. Kumahholo amakhulu, kuvame ukuba njalo. Isizathu akuwona amandla kuphela. Insimbi ixazulula izinkinga zebhizinisi ezimbalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ivumela izindawo ezinkulu ezingenakholamu, ukwakhiwa okomile okusheshayo, ukuhlukanisa izigaba okulula, isisindo sokuzamazama komhlaba esilula, nokuhlanganiswa okulula kwamapayipi, ama-catwalks, namaphoyinti okugenca ngaphakathi kokujula kwesakhiwo.

Ukhonkolo usenendima ezisekelweni, ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ezindlini ezingaphansi, nakwamanye amabhulokhi ahambisanayo. Ingase futhi ihlale isebenza ezakhiweni zesevisi ezine-span ephansi lapho ukuguquguquka kungeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu. Nokho, ehholo elikhulu, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe uvame ukuba nzima, uphuze, futhi ungaguquguquki kancane njengoba ama-span akhula.

Ukuhlola Factor	Exhibition Hall Steel Isakhiwo	Ukhonkolo Oqinisiwe
Ikhono lokusula-span	Ilungele amahholo amakhulu angenakholomu; amasistimu we-truss afika ku-160m	Kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyasinda kuma-spans amade kakhulu
Isivinini sokwakha	I-prefabricated kakhulu; ukucindezela okukhulu kweshejuli	Ihamba kancane ngenxa ye-formwork, ukwelapha, kanye nokuhweba okumanzi
Ukwandiswa kwesikhathi esizayo	Kulula ukwelula amaphiko noma ukwengeza amahholo aseduze	Ziyaphazamisa futhi azisheshi ukulungisa
Ukuguquguquka kwesakhiwo	Kungcono ekulungiseni kabusha idokodo kanye nokuzungeza okungavinjelwe	Izisekelo zangaphakathi zinganciphisa ukuguquguquka
Ukusebenza kokuzamazama komhlaba	Ukuzinciphisa kunciphisa isidingo sokuzamazama komhlaba	Isisindo esiphezulu sandisa amandla e-seismic
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-MEP	Ama-truss cavities angakwazi ukufaka ama-ducts nama-catwalks	Imvamisa idinga izinsiza ezijulile ukusuka phansi kuye phansi noma ezifakwe kwi-soffit
Ikhabhoni efakiwe / i-recyclability	Okuqukethwe okuphezulu okugaywe kabusha kanye nezingxenye zensimbi ezigaywa kabusha ezingu-100%.	Ikhabhoni efakwe phezulu ephezulu yamasistimu e-span enkulu
Retrofit / deconstruction	Amamojula abhontshiwe kanye nezengezo zensimbi kulula ukuzifaka	Ukubhidliza kanye nokubuyisela kabusha kuvame ukuhlasela kakhulu

Ngokombono wezohwebo, insimbi ayihlali iyilayini eshibhe kakhulu esigabeni sokubhida. Ivamise ukuwina ngesivinini ukuya emalini engenayo, ukunwetshwa okulula, ukuphazamiseka kwesayithi okuncishisiwe, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okungcono komcimbi. Lowo mehluko ubaluleke kakhulu endaweni encike ekumineni kokubhuka kanye nesivinini senzuzo kunendawo yokugcina impahla emile noma ibhulokhi engemuva kwendlu.

Izimo ezifaneleka kakhulu

• Amahholo ombukiso amakhulu wamazwe ngamazwe anezidingo ezinkulu ze-span ecacile

• Imibukiso yezimoto nemibukiso yezimboni enemithwalo esindayo yombukiso

• Izindawo ezinamashejuli okulethwa anolaka

• Amaphrojekthi ekhampasi alindele ukunwetshwa ngezigaba

• Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okuxubile okuhlanganisa ihholo, inkomfa, ihhovisi, nemisebenzi yokudayisa

Ukukhetha Uhlaka Lwesakhiwo Sezikhungo Zemibukiso

Izakhiwo ze-Pipe truss zamahholo amakhulu

Amapayipi amapayipi ahlala engenye yezinketho eziqine kakhulu zamahholo ahamba phambili. Zifanele izindawo ezinkulu ze-expo, imibukiso yezimoto, nemibukiso yezimboni edinga amaphansi amakhulu angaphazamiseki. Izikhala ezicacile zingafinyelela kumamitha angu-160 ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Ijometri yabo engunxantathu igcina amalungu amaningi esebenza ikakhulukazi ngamandla e-axial, athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo futhi asekele ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezinto.

Kubaqhubi, inani lilula. Amakholomu ambalwa angaphakathi asho indawo yedokodo esebenziseka kakhudlwana, imigqa yokubona ecacile, ukujikeleza okungcono, kanye nemikhawulo embalwa esiteji. Kwezinye izakhiwo, ukususa izisekelo zangaphakathi kungakhuphula indawo yaphansi esebenzisekayo ngo-15% ukuya ku-20%.

Ukukhetha i-pipe truss kufanele kusekelwe kulokhu okuguquguqukayo kwephrojekthi:

• I-span ecacile edingekayo kanye nobude obucacile bangaphakathi

• Imephu yokulayisha emisiwe yokukhanyisa, umsindo, izikrini, nezibhengezo

• Imikhawulo yokuchezuka ngaphansi kwezinhlanganisela zomthwalo othize womcimbi

• Ukuhlukaniswa kwezithuthi, ukubekezelelana kokwenziwa, nokulandelana kokuphakamisa

• Ukuhlanganiswa kwamapayipi, ipayipi lentuthu ekhipha intuthu, nezindlela zokuhamba zokulungisa

Uhlaka lwesikhala kanye nezinhlelo zegridi zophahla namapheliyade akhethekile

Amafreyimu esikhala asebenza kahle lapho uphahla kufanele lusabalalise imithwalo ngezindlela eziningi noma lapho ijiyomethri igobile, ingavamile, noma iveza izakhiwo. Zisebenza kahle ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha ayi-120. Baphinde basekele amasu e-modular erection. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemojuli elawulwayo, inkundla yesikhashana engu-5,000㎡ ingahlanganiswa cishe emahoreni angama-72.

Ngokuvamile zikhethelwa ama-domes, izindawo zokungena, uphahla lwe-canopy oluyisithonjana, noma amahholo akhethekile anamaphethini okukhanya kwesibhakabhaka ayinkimbinkimbi. Amaqembu okuthenga kufanele anake idizayini yama-node, ukunemba kokwakhiwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-drainage, kanye nekhono lomphakeli lokulawula ukubekezelelwa kokumiswa endaweni.

Izakhiwo zensimbi ezihlanganisiwe nezinezitezi eziningi

Izindawo eziningi zesimanje azisewona amashede enhloso eyodwa. Kungamakhampasi axubile ahlanganisa ihholo elikhulu namagumbi okuhlangana, isevisi yokudla, ezokuthutha, kanye nokuphatha. Kulezo zimo, ihholo lokuqala lingaxhuma ku-a Isiteji sokwakha iCommerce kanye ne I-Office Steel Building wing. Insimbi iyifanele kahle le fomethi ngoba isekela ukulethwa kwezigaba kanye nokuklanywa kwesakhiwo okuhlanzekile.

Lezi zakhiwo zivame ukusebenzisa amakholomu nemishayo ye-Q355 H futhi ngokuvamile zilethwa ezindabeni eziyisithupha noma ngaphansi, kuye ngezidingo zekhodi nokuhlala. Amasistimu aklanywe ngendlela efanele angahlangabezana nemibandela edinga umoya nokuzamazama komhlaba, okuhlanganisa amaphrojekthi ezindaweni ezinengcuphe ephezulu.

Uhlaka lwephothali kanye nezinhlelo ze-span eziningi zezakhiwo ezisizayo

Ozimele bephothali bayasebenza kumahholo okubhalisa, izijobelelo zokulayisha, amabhulokhi wezinsiza, izakhiwo zesevisi, nezindawo zesikhashana zokuthengisa. Bangakwazi futhi ukusekela a Indawo yoKwakha i-Retail Prefab Building exhunywe nekhampasi yomcimbi omkhulu.

Ngokuvamile akuzona inketho engcono kakhulu yehholo elihamba phambili lapho kudingeka khona izikhala ezinkulu ezicacile. Njengoba ubude besikhathi bukhula, amafreyimu ephothali ngokuvamile awasebenzi kahle kunezixazululo ze-truss noma ze-space-frame. Zihlala zisebenza kahle ezakhiweni ezisekela i-span-span ephansi lapho ukuqondisa kwesabelomali nokuhlanganisa ngokushesha kuyimigomo eyinhloko.

Ubunjiniyela Bemithwalo Emikhulu kanye Nokuguquguquka Kokusetshenziswa Okuningi

I-Ground slab kanye nesakhiwo sendawo yokulayisha yokungena kwemishini esindayo

Imibukiso eminingi manje ihlanganisa imishini, izingxenye ze-aerospace, izimoto, nemihlangano emikhulu eyakhiwe. Lokho kushintsha inkinga yobunjiniyela isuke ekulayisheni okujwayelekile kwaphansi komphakathi iye ezindaweni ezixubile zokulayisha ezinomthwalo wamasondo, imithwalo ye-ekseli, nemiphumela yokushaya yasendaweni. Ngakho-ke idizayini ye-slab kufanele ihlukanise phakathi kwezindawo zamadokodo ezivamile kanye nezindawo zokubonisa ezisindayo noma ezimile.

Ukuhlola okujwayelekile kufaka phakathi ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo wamasondo, ukujiya kwe-slab, i-subgrade modulus, imininingwane ehlanganyelwe, imizila ye-forklift, nezindlela zokujika iloli. Ezimweni ezikhethekile, izindawo zasendaweni zingahle zakhelwe izidingo ezigxile kakhulu, ezifaka imithwalo esondela ku-8t/㎡ lapho okufushane komcimbi ukudinga khona.

Umhlinzeki onekhono kufanele ahlinzeke ngohlelo lokuklama olubonisa:

• Izindawo zombukiso ezijwayelekile

• Amaphedi emishini esindayo

• Izindlela zokungena emotweni

• Ukujikeleza kwe-Forklift kanye ne-telehandler

• Ama-threshold avikelwe kanye nemininingwane yesixhumi esibonakalayo somnyango

Amasistimu aphansi anezendlalelo ezimbili emibukiso yezinga eliphezulu esindayo

Amahholo aphansi phezulu adala ikesi ledizayini elinzima kakhulu ngoba kufanele athwale imithwalo ebukhoma ephezulu ngenkathi elawula ukuchezuka, ukudlidliza, nokujula kwephansi. Isistimu eyinhlanganisela enemishayo yensimbi, amaphaneli edekhi ye-TD3, ukubeka phezu kukakhonkolo, nezinsimbi zokugunda ezishiselwe kungaba impendulo esebenza kahle kakhulu. Amalungiselelo e-stud afana no-Φ19@200 emisebe yesibili avamile lapho ukuhlaziywa kuwasekela khona.

Lapho isenzo esiyinhlanganisela sithuthukisiwe, isilinganiso sokugoba sokucindezeleka singase sehle sisuka ku-0.98 siye ku-0.60, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi yesibili yensimbi kungehla ngo-30% kuya ku-40%. Umthamo wokulayisha obukhoma ungafinyelela ku-15kN/㎡ ngokusetshenziswa kombukiso wesitezi esisindayo. Lokho kwenza amadekhi wokubonisa asezingeni eliphezulu asebenze kakhudlwana emishinini, ekufakweni okukhulu, nezindawo zemishini ekhethekile.

Uhlelo lwaphansi	Amandla Ayinhloko	Umkhawulo Oyinhloko	Ikesi elingcono kakhulu lokusebenzisa
Isitezi sensimbi esiyinhlanganisela	Ukuma okusheshayo, isisindo esilula, ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile kwe-MEP	Idinga ukudlidliza okucophelelayo kanye nemininingwane yomlilo	Amahholo asezingeni eliphezulu asetshenziswa kakhulu anengcindezi yeshejuli
Iphansi likakhonkolo elicindezelwe	Ingabizi kwezinye izimakethe	Izinga eliphezulu kanye nohwebo olumanzi oluhamba kancane	Amaphrojekthi abeka phambili izindleko ze-slab kunesivinini

Umthamo wokulayisha uphahla lwemishini emisiwe

Indawo engakwazi ukusekela imithwalo emisiwe ilahlekelwa ukuguquguquka komcimbi. Amahholo esimanje kumele aphathe amabhuloho okukhanyisa, izipikha, izimpawu, izinhlelo zemidiya ezigxilile, izinsimbi zokusakaza, kanye nemigwaqo yesikhashana. Emahholo amakhulu, ukujula kwe-truss kungase kufinyelele kumamitha angu-4.0 ukuze kwenelise izimfuneko zokugoba, ukugunda, nokugenca.

Ukuqagela komthwalo ophilayo wophahla olulodwa akwanele kulolu hlobo lwendawo. Ukubethela kufanele kuhlelwe ngohlobo lomcimbi nangendawo. Imibukiso ezenzakalelayo, imicimbi ye-esports, ukwethulwa komkhiqizo, kanye nemikhiqizo yokusakaza eyingxube ayibeki imithwalo yephoyinti efanayo noma ukuminyana kokulayisha. Isakhiwo sophahla kufanele sibonise lokho kusukela ekuqaleni.

Ijiyomethri ye-truss ye-HVAC, i-exhaust yentuthu, nama-catwalks

Emahholo amakhulu, ukujula kwesakhiwo kuyindawo yesevisi ebalulekile. Uma isakhiwo se-truss sihlanganiswa kusenesikhathi, singathwala imithwalo kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokwakha. Amalungu ewebhu anomumo ongu-X avame ukusetshenziswa eduze nezisekelo lapho isidingo sokugunda siphezulu. Amaphethini ewebhu ahlanekezelwe anomumo ongu-V angaba usizo kakhulu eduze kwe-span ngoba ashiya imizila ecace kakhudlwana yamapayipi, amapayipi akhipha intuthu, kanye nokufinyelela ekulungiseni.

Le ndlela ivikela ukuphakama kwangaphakathi okucacile futhi inciphisa isidingo sokulenga izinsizakalo ezinkulu ngaphansi kophahla. Iphinde yenza ukunakekelwa kube lula ngoba ama-catwalks angahlanganiswa endaweni yesakhiwo kunokuba amiswe njengamasistimu ahlukene kamuva.

Idizayina ukuguqulwa kwefomethi esheshayo

Izindawo eziphumelela kakhulu azincikile ohlotsheni olulodwa lomcimbi. Zihamba phakathi kwezikhangiso, izingqungquthela, amakhonsathi, ukwethulwa, nokwenziwa kusebenze okunegama elinesikhathi esincane sokuphumula. Lokho kudinga okungaphezu kwezindonga ezinyakazayo. Kudinga ukuhlelela amagridi edokodo, amandla kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwedatha, izindawo zokuqopha, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-acoustic, imizila yokulayisha, nokusatshalaliswa komphakathi.

Amahholo aklanywe kahle alungele ukuguqulwa ngokuvamile ahlanganisa:

• Amasistimu wokuhlukanisa asebenzayo noma wesikhashana

• Izindawo zokulenga ezichazwe ngaphambilini zokufaka uphawu kanye nemishini ye-AV

• Amabhasi noma amabhokisi aphansi aqondaniswe nokushintsha izakhiwo zedokodo

• Ukwehlukana phakathi kokusatshalaliswa komphakathi kanye nempahla yendlu

• I-VIP ezinikele kanye nemizila yokukhiqiza lapho kudingeka khona

Ukulawula ukunyakaza ophahleni olude kakhulu

Uma ubude bophahla bungaphezu kwamamitha angu-300, ukunyakaza okushisayo kuba yinkinga yokuklama okuyinhloko esikhundleni semininingwane emincane. Uphahla olude kufanele luhlukaniswe ngamalunga okunyakaza. Usekelo olungaguquki kanye nosekelo lokuslayida kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukulawula izindlela zokuphoqa. Amalungu abalulekile angase adinge amaphinikhodi aqine kakhulu njengo-Φ50 lapho imodeli yokuklama iwabiza khona.

Izakhiwo ezifana no-106m + 124m + 106m ziyizibonelo ezivamile zelogiji yophahla oluhlukaniswe izingxenye, nakuba isikhala sangempela sincike ku-geometry, izinga lokushisa, nezimo zokusekela. Ukuhlaziywa kwesici esinqunyiwe kufanele kuqinisekise ukuthi ukugxila kwengcindezi kuhlala ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo eyamukelekayo ngaphansi kwezinhlanganisela ezifile, eziphilayo, komoya, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezinhlanganisela zomthwalo wesiteji sokumiswa.

Ukuphepha Kokusebenza, Ukuvikelwa Komlilo, kanye Nomklamo Wokugeleza Kwezivakashi

Isu lokumelana nomlilo lemisebenzi yesixuku esikhulu

Izindawo ezinkulu ziletha izindlela zokuhamba ezinde, ukuminyana kwabantu abaningi, kanye nezidingo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulawula intuthu. Ngakho-ke idizayini yomlilo ayikwazi ukushiywa njengento yokwemboza yesiteji sakamuva. Isakhiwo, indawo ebiyelwe, isu lokuphuma, kanye nesistimu yokukhipha intuthu kufanele kuhlanganiswe kusenesikhathi. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala kanye nekhodi yendawo, amalungu ayinhloko angase adinge ukumelana nomlilo kuze kube amahora angu-3.

Izinqumo ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa isilinganiso somlilo samalungu ayinhloko, ukusetshenziswa kwezigqoko ze-intumescent noma ibhodi elingashi, ukuhambisana kwamaphaneli agqunyiwe anezidingo zekhodi, kanye nokufinyelela ekunakekeleni ukuze kuhlolwe esikhathini esizayo. Isisefo Ihholo Lombukiso kufanele lihambisane nesakhiwo ukumelana nomlilo nokuphuma okusebenzayo nokulawula intuthu.

Ukuphuma kwesimo esiphuthumayo, ukuqapha isixuku, nezinhlelo zokuphepha ezihlakaniphile

Imidwebo ingabonisa ukuphuma okuthobelayo kuyilapho imisebenzi isahluleka ekusebenzeni. Izindawo ezinkulu kufanele zisebenzise ukuhlela okuhlelekile kokuphepha kwempilo okuhlanganisa ukumodela ukuphuma, ukuhlaziya ukugeleza kwesixuku, ukuzwa ukuthi uhlalaphi, ukuhlanganiswa kokulawula intuthu, indlela yokulawula ukufinyelela, nezindawo zokukhanya eziphuthumayo.

Amaqembu okuthenga kufanele adinge ukuxhumanisa okusekelwe ku-BIM kuso sonke isakhiwo, i-MEP, nokuphepha kwempilo. Uma lawo masistimu enziwe ngawodwana, ukungqubuzana kwesayithi kuvame ukuvela emiseleni yokukhipha intuthu, imishayo yokudlulisa, ama-catwalks, kanye nezindawo zokuphuma komzila. Lokho kudala ukusebenza kabusha, ukubambezeleka, kanye nobungozi bokusebenza.

Ukufinyelela imoto, iminyango emikhulu, kanye nempahla yangemuva kwendlu

Impumelelo yezentengiso incike kakhulu esivinini sokusetha. Ngaleso sizathu, ukufinyelela kwemoto kufanele kuthathwe njengodaba lwemali engenayo, hhayi nje imininingwane yezokuthutha. Iminyango kufanele ilingane nezimvilophu zangempela zombukiso futhi imizila yokufinyelela kufanele ihlukanise ukuhamba kwamaloli nezivakashi. Ukugoqa noma ukugoqa iminyango enzima, iminyango evikelwe, amayadi okumasha, nezindlela zesiteji konke kuthuthukisa isikhathi sokusebenza.

Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emibukisweni yezimoto, emibukisweni yezimboni, kanye namakhalenda ezindawo ashintsha ngokushesha lapho amafasitela okufakwa emafushane nezindleko zabasebenzi zikhuphuka ngokushesha lapho umzila ungasebenzi kahle.

I-Enclosure Systems, i-Acoustics, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla

Amasistimu okufulela, amapayipi amanzi, nokuqina kokugqwala

Izinqumo zemvilophu zingashayela izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila ngaphezu kwethoni yesakhiwo kuphela. Amaphrojekthi aholwa yibhajethi avame ukusebenzisa amaphaneli ensimbi angaboshiwe. Izindawo ze-Premium zivame ukukhetha izinhlelo zophahla ze-aluminium-magnesium-manganese ngoba zinikeza ukumelana okuqinile kokugqwala, ukuphela okuhlanzekile, nempilo ende yesevisi. Ophahleni olukhulu kakhulu, ukudonsa amanzi kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Amagatha ensimbi engagqwali, ubukhulu bombhobho ophansi obanele, izindlela ezichichimayo, nokukhanya okungena ngokucophelela kunciphisa ukuchibiyela kanye nengozi yokuvuza.

Isu lokugqwala kufanele libonise indawo yephrojekthi. Ukuchayeka kukasawoti ogwini, ukungcoliswa kwezimboni, kanye nomswakama ophezulu kufuna ukucaciswa okuqinile kunezindawo ezivikelekile ezimaphakathi nezwe. Uma uhlelo lokumboza lungacacisiwe, izindleko zokunakekela zikhuphuka kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuqhathanisa impahla yemvilophu

Izinto/Isistimu	Amandla Abalulekile	Umkhawulo Oyinhloko	Ukusetshenziswa Okungcono Kakhulu
Iphaneli lesemishi le-rock wool	Ukusebenza okuhle komlilo nokulawula kwe-acoustic	Isinda kunezinye izindlela ze-PIR/PU	Amahholo amakhulu abeka phambili ukuhlukaniswa komlilo nomsindo
Iphaneli lesemishi le-PU/PIR	Ukufakwa kwe-thermal okuqinile nesisindo esilula	Ukucaciswa komlilo kufanele kubhekwe ngokucophelela	Izindawo zodonga nezophahla ezonga amandla
Iphaneli yophahla lwe-Al-Mg-Mn	Ukuqina, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukubukeka kwe-premium	Izindleko zangaphambili eziphezulu	Izimvilophu zophahla lwe-Flagship
Udonga lwamakhethini engilazi	Ukukhanya kwasemini kanye ne-landmark frontage	Ukuzuza okuphezulu kwelanga ngaphandle kokuthi kulungiselelwe	Iminyango, ama-atrium, nezindawo ezibheke umphakathi

Ukukhethwa kufanele kusekelwe esilinganisweni somlilo, ukudluliswa kwe-thermal, ukusebenza kwe-acoustic, ububanzi bewaranti, isu lokushintsha, kanye nokuchayeka kokugqwala okuqondene nesayithi. Lezo zimiso zibaluleke ngaphezu kokubukeka kukodwa.

Ukulawulwa kwe-acoustic kwemicimbi ngesikhathi esisodwa

Opharetha abaningi bafuna izinhlelo ezifanayo. Ihholo elilodwa lingase liqhube ingqungquthela kuyilapho elinye lisingatha ukwethulwa komkhiqizo. Izinketho eziyisisekelo zemvilophu zithinta ukuthi lokho kuyasebenza yini. Amaphaneli kububanzi obungu-50–150mm, asebenzisa i-rock wool noma i-PU/PIR kuye ngokuhlosiwe komlilo, angamaphuzu okuqala avamile. Ukwakhiwa kodonga olunezingqimba ezimbili kusetshenziswa i-keel yensimbi elula, i-gypsum board engu-12mm, kanye noboya betshe betshe obungu-50mm bungathola cishe u-55–60dB ofaka umsindo ophuma emoyeni.

Lokho kusebenza kusiza ukunciphisa ukopha kwe-acoustic futhi kuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kokubhuka. Kuwusizo ikakhulukazi lapho amahholo ehlukaniswe iziqephu noma lapho amagumbi omhlangano ehlala khona eduze kwezindawo zokubukisa ezinomsindo omkhulu.

Amasistimu wokwakha ahlakaniphile, ukukhanya kwasemini, ne-BIPV

Izindleko zokusebenza manje seziwumthwalo oyinhloko wokuthenga wabanikazi bakamasipala nabathuthukisi bezikhungo. I-BIPV ehlanganiswe nophahla ingahlinzeka kuze kufike ku-40% wesidingo sikagesi wendawo ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo. Ama-skylights adlulisa kakhulu ahlanganiswe nokukhanyisa kwe-LED, izinzwa lapho uhlala khona, nokulawula okuhlakaniphile kwe-HVAC kungehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla cishe ngo-30%.

Lezi zinhlelo ziphinde zisekele izindlela zokunikeza izitifiketi ezifana ne-LEED ne-BREEAM. Ukuxhumana kwazo kufanele kwenzeke kusenesikhathi ngoba ukukhanya esibhakabhakeni, izindawo zokuphuma intuthu, izindlela zokungena, nezinhlelo ze-BIPV zonke ziqhudelana ngezindawo zophahla ezifanayo nezindawo zokusekela.

Amasu Okumiswa Okuthuthukile kanye Nezikhathi Zesikhathi Zokwakha

Ukuphakanyiswa kwe-Hydraulic synchronous kwamahholo ama-mega-span

Izakhiwo zophahla ezinkulu kakhulu azihlali zakhiwe kahle ngama-cranes kuphela. Ezindaweni zesikali se-aerospace noma izindawo zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, ukuphakamisa okuhambisanayo kwe-hydraulic kunganikeza ukulawula okungcono nokuphepha kwesayithi. Ukulandelana okuvamile kuqala ngokuhlanganisa umhlabathi osezingeni eliphansi wamamojula amakhulu, okulandelwa ukuphakamisa ingxenye, ukuvalwa kokuphakama okuphezulu, nokuphakamisa okokugcina okuvunyelanisiwe ukuya ekuphakameni komklamo kusetshenziswa ojeke bekhompyutha.

Abathengi kufanele bacele ukulingiswa kokuphakamisa, izibalo zosekelo lwesikhashana, amarekhodi kajack avumelanisiwe, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha ukuguquguquka. Indlela yokumisa akuyona into encanyelwayo kasonkontileka. Kuthinta ubungozi, ishejuli, nokubekezelelana okufinyelelekayo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwaphansi, ukuphakanyiswa kwe-partition, nokuphathwa kokuvalwa

Ukuhlanganiswa okuphansi kunciphisa umsebenzi ekuphakameni futhi kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokushisela. Iphinde ifune indawo eyanele yokubeka kanye nohlelo oluhlelekile lokuhlela. Izisindo zesegimenti kufanele zifane nomthamo we-crane noma ujeke otholakalayo, futhi ukuqondisa kwesikhashana kufanele kubambe ijometri ngesikhathi sokudlulisa nokuvalwa.

Emajoyintini okuvala, ukuhlolwa kubalulekile. Amarekhodi e-bolt tensioning, ukuhlolwa kwe-weld, izilinganiso zokuqondanisa, nezinqubo zokukhulula zokusekelwa kwesikhashana kufanele kube yingxenye yefayela lokulethwa elisemthethweni.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-modular nokuthutha

Amahholo esikhashana, izakhiwo ze-expo zesizini, nezikhala zemicimbi yesathelayithi zizuza kumasistimu amamojula abholithiwe angahlakazwa futhi asetshenziswe kabusha. Isikhathi sokwehlisa singase sehle cishe ngo-30% uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela eziningi ezihlala njalo. Leyo ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni zokuvakasha, ukuchichima komcimbi ophuthumayo, nokufakwa kwezigelekeqe zesifunda.

Iphinde yandise indima yensimbi ngaphezu kwehholo elikhulu elingaguquki. Kwamanye amaphrojekthi, amamojula asebenziseka kabusha asekela ukuthengwa kwamathikithi, ukuphepha, ukuthengisa kwesikhashana, noma izinhlanganisela zokusakaza endaweni ehlala njalo.

Isamba Sezindleko Zobunikazi Nezicaciso Zokuthenga

Izinkomba zezindleko eziyisisekelo ngohlobo lwesakhiwo

Izingxoxo zesabelomali kufanele zihlukanise phakathi kwamazinga esakhiwo kuphela kanye namazinga ephrojekthi alethwe ngokugcwele. Izibalo ezilandelayo zingamabhande ezithenjwa abanzi, hhayi izilinganiso ezithatha indawo. Izindleko zokugcina zincike kubude besikhathi, i-roof geometry, i-seismic ne-wind criteria, ukuvikela umlilo, ikhwalithi ye-facade, ukuhlelwa kwezinto, nezintengo zensimbi zendawo.

Uhlobo Lwesakhiwo Esiyinhloko	Ibanga Lezindleko Elijwayelekile	Amanothi
Izakhiwo ze-Pipe truss	$350–$450 USD/㎡	Ukusebenza okuphezulu kokusebenza isikhathi eside, kodwa inkimbinkimbi eyengeziwe yokwenziwa
Izakhiwo zegridi yesikhala	$280–$350 USD/㎡	Inketho eqinile ye-medium-to-large spans kanye nejometri ekhethekile
Izakhiwo zensimbi ezinezitezi eziningi	$320–$400 USD/㎡	Ifanele amakhampasi e-expo asetshenziswa ngokuxubile

Izilinganiso zebhajethi ngokwesimo sendawo

Inkulu Isikhungo Sombukiso esinehholo eliyinhloko lesikhathi eside nemisebenzi yokwesekwa exubile ingase ifinyelele cishe ku-$800–$950 USD/㎡ kuye ngekhwalithi ye-facade, ukuminyana kwezinhlelo, kanye namazinga okuphela kwengaphakathi. Amahholo akhethekile womkhakha osindayo noma wetimu angase alingane no-$550–$700 USD/㎡ uma izici zokulayisha nezokuguqulela zidingeka kakhulu kunemvilophu.

Izindawo zesikhashana ezijwayelekile zivame ukuba nentengo ngamamojula, iphakheji yezokuthutha, kanye nomjikelezo wokusetshenziswa kabusha esikhundleni sezinga lendawo elilula. Lowo mehluko kufanele ucace ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqhathanisa amathenda.

I-BOM enemininingwane kanye nezidingo zokucaphuna zobuchwepheshe

Izingcaphuno ezingafihli zinciphisa ubungozi bokuthenga. Iphakheji yebhidi efanele kufanele yephule uhlaka oluyinhloko, uhlaka lwesibili, izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zokuxhuma, indawo evalekile, amanzi, ukuvikela umlilo, izindawo zokugenca, amasistimu eminyango, ama-catwalks, namasistimu wamandla ongawakhetha. Isamba sensimbi yesamba esiphelele azanele ukuqhathanisa okunengqondo.

Okungenani, i-RFP kufanele idinge:

• Imodeli yokuqala ye-3D BIM kanye neshejuli yamathoni ensimbi

• Izibalo zesakhiwo nesifinyezo se-FEA

• Ukucatshangelwa komthwalo okuchazwe phansi, ukugezwa kophahla, umoya, iqhwa, nezinga lokushisa

• Umqondo wokuxhuma kanye ne-node design logic

• Ukucaciswa kokumboza noma ukwenza uthayela okuhloswe ukujiya kulinganiseke

• Isitatimende sendlela yokumiswa kanye nomqondo wokuhlanganisa wesikhashana

• Imigomo yewaranti yesakhiwo, indawo ebiyelwe, ukuvimbela amanzi, kanye ne-BIPV uma ifakiwe

Isu lokulwa nokugqwala kanye nokuhlelwa kokulungisa

Upende ocebile nge-epoxy zinc unganciphisa izindleko zangaphambili, kodwa ukhuphula izidingo zokulungisa zesikhathi esizayo. I-hot-dip galvanizing inyusa izindleko zokuqala futhi ingase inwebe impilo yesevisi yokungagqwali ibe ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-20 kumalungu afanelekayo. Ukukhetha okulungile kuncike ekuvezweni kwamalungu, ukufinyeleleka, kanye nemvelo yesayithi.

Izindawo ezimaphakathi nezwe zingasebenza kahle ngezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zokuhlanganisa. Iziza zasogwini nezimboni zivame ukudinga ukuvikeleka okuqinile. Uma kungenjalo, ukunakekelwa kwaminyaka yonke kungadla u-5% kuya ku-10% wezindleko zokuqala zesakhiwo, futhi amalungu adaluliwe angase adinge ukuvuselelwa okuphazamisayo ngaphambi kwesikhathi ebesilindelwe.

Ukunciphisa Ubungozi, Ukuthotshelwa Kwekhodi, kanye Nokubuyisela kabusha Izindawo Zamagugu

Amaphethini okwehluleka avamile emahholo emibukiso amadala

Amahholo amaningi amafa awahlangabezani nezidingo zokusebenza zamanje. Izinkinga ezivamile zihlanganisa ukungafani kokuqina kwezinhlangothi phakathi kwamafreyimu ahlukene, imithwalo ebukhoma yophahla olungaklanyelwe kahle, uxhumo olubuthakathaka lwesisekelo, nokuntuleka kwemvume yezinto ezimisiwe ze-AV noma amasistimu amakhulu okukhipha intuthu. Olunye uphahla oludala lwaklanywa cishe ngo-0.3kN/㎡, olungahlala ngaphansi kokulindelwe kwamanje kophahla olungafinyeleleki oluqhathaniswayo ngezindinganiso zesimanje.

Lezi zinkinga zingase zingabonakali ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile. Zivame ukuvela lapho indawo ithuthukiswa ukuze kuxutshwe izixuku ezinkulu, imibukiso esindayo, noma ingqalasizinda yomcimbi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Amasu okubuyisela impahla yefa

Akuwona wonke amahholo amadala adinga ukushintshwa okugcwele. Ukuqinisa kungaqondiswa lapho kukhiqiza inzuzo engcono kakhulu. Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zifaka ukuvaleka okukhonkolo kwezisekelo zekholomu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina, ukwengeza i-herringbone bracing ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina kwezinhlangothi, amasistimu aqinile othayi ophahleni, kanye nokuqinisa okukhethekile ezindaweni ezinomthwalo osindayo noma ezigetshengwa kakhulu.

Le ndlela ekhethiwe inganweba impilo yesevisi futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwemali engenayo kuyilapho igwema ukubhidlizwa okuphelele nokuvalwa isikhathi eside.

Ukuqinisekiswa kwemvelo ngaphambi kokuthenga

Amabhidi aqhudelanayo ngokuvamile awaqhathaniseki ngempela ngoba asekelwe kumibandela ehlukene yezemvelo. Amaqembu okuthenga kufanele aqinisekise isisekelo somoya, ukulayishwa kweqhwa, isigaba sokuzamazama komhlaba, imikhawulo yokukhukhuleka, ukuqina kwamanzi emvula, nokuqagela kokunyakaza kokushisa ngaphambi kokuqhathaniswa kwentengo. Intengo ephansi esekelwe ekucabangeni okuthambile ayikona ukonga kwangempela. Imane idlulisele ubungozi ekusebenzeni noma ekulungiseni okuzayo.

Ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa, kanye ne-QA ngesikhathi sokulethwa

Amadokhumenti amahle abaluleke kakhulu njengokwakhiwa okuhle. Ifayela lokulethwa kufanele lifake phakathi ukuhlolwa kwe-weld kanye namarekhodi e-NDT, amarekhodi okuqinisa amabhawodi, imibiko yokuqina kwe-coating noma izitifiketi zokufaka ama-galvanizing, amasheke wokubekezelela ukuqhanyelwa, kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokungangeni kwamanzi kwemithungo yophahla, ama-gutters, nokungena.

Kumaphrojekthi okubuyisela, kufanele futhi afake izinhlolovo zesimo esikhona, ukuhlola okuqondiwe okungabhubhisi, nanoma yimuphi umgogodla obambekayo noma ukuxilongwa kosekelo oludingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe umthamo ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukuqinisa.

Isiphetho

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthenga iwukuqondiswa kwezigwegwe futhi isekelwe ebufakazini. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zigcina iphrojekthi ihambisana nezindleko, ukuphepha, kanye nezinhloso zokusebenza kwendawo:

• Khombisa iphakethe elinokwenzeka eliqhathanisa i-truss, i-space-frame, nezikimu ezihlanganisiwe ngokumelene nomfushane womcimbi wangempela.

• Chaza imithwalo yaphansi, imithwalo yokukhwabanisa, imizila yezokuthutha, izilinganiso zomlilo, kanye nemibandela yokunyakaza okushisayo ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwethenda.

• Idinga umuntu ngamunye obhidayo ukuthi athumele i-BIM, isifinyezo se-FEA, i-BOM yento yolayini, ukucaciswa kokumboza, kanye nendlela yokumisa.

• Abahlinzeki bohlu olufushane abanokulethwa okuqinisekisiwe kwesikhathi eside, ukuhlanganiswa okuhlelekile kokuphepha kwempilo, kanye nokuqagela kwedizayini yemvelo esobala.

FAQ

Q: Yisiphi isikhathi esicacile esikhona endaweni enkulu yombukiso?

A: Amasistimu we-Pipe truss angafinyelela kumamitha angaba ngu-160 ngemiklamo efanelekile, kuyilapho amafreyimu omkhathi evame ukusebenza kahle aze afike kumamitha ayi-120. Ubude bokugcina buncike kujometri yophahla, imithwalo emisiwe, imikhawulo yokuchezuka, nendlela yokumiswa.

Umbuzo: Kungani ngokuvamile insimbi ikhethwa ehholo elikhulu kunokhonkolo oqinisiwe?

IMP: Insimbi ivamise ukunikeza ukumiswa okusheshayo, isisindo esiphansi sesakhiwo, ukusebenza kahle kokuzamazama komhlaba okungcono, ukunwetshwa okulula, nokuhlanganiswa okulula kwamapayipi, ama-catwalks, kanye nokugetshengwa. Ukhonkolo usengasebenza kumabhulokhi asizayo, amagumbi angaphansi, nezindawo zokusekela ezine-span ephansi.

Q: Ingabe izitezi ezingaphezulu ku-Exhibition Hall Steel Structure zingathwala imishini esindayo?

A: Yebo. Amasistimu aphansi ensimbi angakhiwa ukuze akwazi ukulayisha bukhoma kufika ku-15kN/㎡ ezindaweni ezisindayo zeleveli ephezulu. Kumele zakhelwe kusenesikhathi ukuze zibe namandla, ukudlidliza, ukuchezuka, nokusebenza komlilo.

Q: Abathengi kufanele baqhathanise kanjani amakhotheshini abahlinzeki?

A: Kufanele baqhathanise isisekelo sokuklama kuqala, hhayi nje inani. Ukuqagela komthwalo, amathani ensimbi, isistimu yokumboza, isu lomlilo, ububanzi bendawo ebiyelwe, indlela yokumisa, nemigomo yesiqinisekiso kufanele konke kubonakale kusisho.

Q: Yini eyenza indawo ebiyelwe iqine ezindaweni ezisogwini noma ezinomswakama ophezulu?

IMP: Ukusebenza okuqinile kuncike kuqhinga lokugqwala, hhayi kuphela uhlobo lwephaneli yophahla. Amaphrojekthi angasogwini ngokuvamile adinga ukunamathela okuqinile noma ukugalela umpheme, ukuklanywa ngokucophelela kwamapayipi amanzi, amagatha angenasici, kanye nokufinyelela okucacile kokulungisa ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kulungiswe.

Q: Iyiphi indima edlalwa yi-BIM kuphrojekthi enkulu Yesikhungo Sokubukisa?

IMP: I-BIM isiza ukuxhumanisa isakhiwo, i-MEP, amasistimu omlilo, izindlela zokuhamba, indawo yokukhipha intuthu, kanye nezindawo zokugqekeza ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukwenziwa. Yehlisa ukungqubuzana, ithuthukisa ukuhlelwa kokumiswa, futhi yenza iziphakamiso zabahlinzeki zibe lula ukuqhathanisa nesisekelo sokufana nokufana.