Imininingwane yesakhiwo sensimbi iyisixhumanisi esibalulekile phakathi kobunjiniyela besakhiwo, ukwenziwa kwensimbi, nokufakwa endaweni. Imidwebo enemininingwane yekhwalithi ephezulu iveza ngokucacile ubukhulu, ukuxhumana, izidingo zokwenziwa, kanye nolwazi lokufakwa kwengxenye ngayinye yensimbi.

Le midwebo ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sobuchwepheshe sokulungiswa kwezinto, ukusika, ukubhola, ukushisela, ukuhlanganisa, umhlangano wecala, ukuthutha, nokwakhiwa kwesayithi.

Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi ngokuvamile kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko.

Isiteji sokuqala: Idizayini Yesakhiwo

Isigaba sokuqala sivamise ukuphothulwa yisikhungo sokuklama ubunjiniyela bezakhiwo.

Ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wokwakha, uhlelo lwesakhiwo, indawo yephrojekthi, imithwalo yedizayini, izidingo zokuzamazama komhlaba, izimo zomoya, namazinga onjiniyela asebenzayo, onjiniyela besakhiwo benza ukuhlaziya okuphelele kwesakhiwo.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko uhlanganisa:

• Ukunquma uhlelo lwesakhiwo

• Ibala imithwalo efile, imithwalo ephilayo, imithwalo yomoya, imithwalo yokuzamazama komhlaba, neminye imithwalo esebenzayo

• Ukuhlaziya amandla esakhiwo ngaphansi kwezinhlanganisela ezahlukene zomthwalo

• Ukukhetha izigaba ezifanele zamakholomu ensimbi, imishayo, ama-trusses, nezinhlelo zokubopha

• Ukuhlola amandla esakhiwo, ukuzinza, ukuqina, kanye nokuguqulwa

• Ukulungiselela imidwebo yokuqala yesakhiwo

Imidwebo yesakhiwo ekhiqizwe kulesi sigaba ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sobuchwepheshe esiyisisekelo sesakhiwo sensimbi esilandelayo esichaza umsebenzi.

Isigaba Sesibili: Imininingwane Yesakhiwo Sensimbi

Isigaba sesibili ngokuvamile siqedwa uhlaka lwensimbi oluchwepheshile oluchaza ithimba, inkampani ekhiqiza izinto zokwakha, noma usonkontileka wokwakha.

Onjiniyela abanemininingwane baguqula imidwebo yedizayini yesakhiwo ibe yimidwebo ephelele nenembile kanye nemidwebo yokumisa engasetshenziswa ngokuqondile indawo yokusebenzela yokwenziwa kwensimbi kanye nethimba lokufaka.

Imidwebo yensimbi enemininingwane yesakhiwo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa:

• Imidwebo yohlelo olujwayelekile

• Imidwebo yomhlangano

• Imidwebo yokwenziwa kwengxenye eyodwa

• Imidwebo yensimbi nekholomu

• Imidwebo yokwenziwa kwe-truss

• Imidwebo yemininingwane yokuxhumana

• Imidwebo yokuhlelwa kwe-bolt

• Imidwebo yemininingwane yokushisela

• Uhlu lwezinto ezibonakalayo nohlu lwezingxenye

• Imidwebo yokumiswa

• Imininingwane yokuxhumana kwesayithi

Ngenxa yokuthi yonke ingxenye, ipuleti lokuxhuma, imbobo yebhawodi, i-weld, nendawo yomhlangano kumele kuboniswe ngokucacile, ukwakheka kwensimbi ngokuvamile kuhilela imidwebo eminingi.

Bonke ubukhulu, izinto zokwakha, izindlela zokuxhuma, izidingo zokushisela, ukucaciswa kwebhawodi, izidingo zokwelashwa kwendawo, namamaki okufaka kufanele kukhonjiswe ngokucacile.

1. Imininingwane Yengxenye Yensimbi

Imininingwane yengxenye yensimbi yenziwa ngokuya ngemidwebo yokuklama kwesakhiwo kanye namazinga asebenzayo wesakhiwo sensimbi.

Umsebenzi omkhulu onemininingwane uhlanganisa izinto ezilandelayo.

Amakholomu Ensimbi Nemishayo

Imidwebo enemininingwane kufanele ibonise ngokucacile:

• Izilinganiso zezingxenye sezizonke

• Osayizi besigaba sensimbi

• Ubukhulu bepuleti

• Amapuleti ayisisekelo namapuleti aphezulu

• Izindawo zokuhlala e-Stiffener

• Izikhundla zokuhlukanisa

• Ubukhulu bomgodi we-bolt

• Izidingo zokushisela

• Amalungiselelo amapuleti okuxhumana

• Izimpawu zokuhlonza ingxenye

Izigqoko Zensimbi

Kumatrusses ensimbi, ithimba elinemininingwane kufanele linqume:

• I-geometry eyisisekelo

• Ubude belungu

• Ama-engeli okuxhumana

• Ubukhulu bepuleti le-Gusset

• Amalungiselelo we-bolt kanye ne-weld

• Ukulandelana komhlangano

• Ukubekezelelana kokwenziwa

• Izidingo ze-Camber zama-trusses wesikhathi eside

I-Bracing Systems

Ukufaka imininingwane ye-bracing kungabandakanya:

• Ukuqinisa uphahla

• Ukuqinisa udonga

• Ukuqinisa ikholomu

• Ukubhula okuvundlile

• I-bracing eyindilinga elungisekayo

• Izinduku ze-tension

• Ama-Turnbuckles

• Amapuleti okuxhumana

• Izixhumanisi ezinezimbobo ezinezikhala

Indlela yokuxhuma kanye nokulandelana kokufakwa kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isistimu yokubopha ingafakwa futhi ilungiswe kahle esizeni.

Ama-Stiffeners kanye Namalungu Akhelwe phezulu

Ezingxenyeni zensimbi ezakhelwe phezulu nezingxenye ezinkulu ezishiselwe, imininingwane ingabandakanya:

• Ukuthwala ama-stiffeners

• Transverse stiffeners

• Ama-Longitudinal stiffeners

• Amapuleti e-Batten

• Ukupakisha amapuleti

• Amapuleti e-diaphragm

• Iziqinise zangaphakathi

• Ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esiguquguqukayo

Ukuhlelwa kwalezi zingxenye kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo zesakhiwo kuyilapho kucutshungulwa ukufinyeleleka kokushisela nokusebenza kahle kokwenziwa.

Izixhumanisi eziboshiwe nezishiselwe

Imininingwane yokuxhuma ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zesakhiwo sensimbi esinemininingwane.

Imidwebo kufanele ikhombise ngokucacile:

• Ububanzi bebhowudi

• Ibanga le-bolt

• Inani lebholidi

• Isikhala se-Bolt

• Ibanga lomphetho

• I-diameter yembobo

• Izimbobo ezijwayelekile noma izimbobo ezicijile

• Uhlobo lwe-weld

• Ubude be-weld

• Usayizi we-weld

• I-Groove angle

• Igebe lezimpande

• Ukulandelana kwe-welding

Ithimba elinemininingwane kufanele liqinisekise ukuthi amaqembu amabhawodi namaqembu e-weld angadlulisela ngokuphephile amandla esakhiwo adingekayo.

Imininingwane Yokuxhumana Ekhethekile

Ngokuya ngezidingo zephrojekthi, imininingwane yesakhiwo sensimbi ingabandakanya:

• Izixhumanisi ze-Hatch

• Ukuqinisa amadolo

• Izixhumanisi eziphiniwe

• Amapuleti e-Hinge

• I-roller isekela

• Izixhumanisi zasentwasahlobo

• Izixhumanisi ezinezimbobo ezinezikhala

• Izisekelo ezilungisekayo

• Amasistimu okuthwala akhethekile

• Imininingwane yokuhlanganisa

Le mininingwane ekhethekile kufanele ihlanganiswe nonjiniyela wesakhiwo kanye nethimba lokufaka ngaphambi kokwenziwa.

2. Imininingwane Yokufakwa Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi

Imininingwane yesakhiwo sensimbi akumele icabangele ukwenziwa kwefekthri kuphela kodwa nezokuthutha kanye nokufakwa endaweni.

Ingxenye engenziwa ngempumelelo kusengaba nzima ukuyihambisa, ukuyiphakamisa, ukuyimisa, noma ukuyixhuma esizeni. Ngakho-ke, izidingo zokumiswa kufanele zicatshangelwe ngesikhathi sesigaba semininingwane.

Imininingwane ejwayelekile ehlobene nokufaka ihlanganisa:

• Amapuleti okulungisa esikhashana

• Ukuphakamisa izimbobo namaphuzu okuphakamisa

• Amathebhu okumiswa

• Ukubeka amapuleti

• Amadivayisi wokuqondanisa

• Izixhumanisi ze-bracing zesikhashana

• Ukuvuleka kokufinyelela kwe-Welding

• Izimvume zokufaka

• Izikhala zokuqinisa amabhawudi

• Izindawo ze-splice field

• Imininingwane yokushisela isayithi

• Imigqa yereferensi yomhlangano

Izinyathelo Zokulungisa Zesikhashana

Ngaphambi kokuthi kuqedwe ukuxhumeka okuhlala njalo, izingxenye zensimbi zingadinga ukulungiswa kwesikhashana ukuze zigcine isikhundla nokuzinza kwazo.

Izinyathelo zesikhashana ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa:

• Amabhawodi esikhashana

• Ukubeka amapuleti

• Iziqeshana zokumisa

• Amathebhu wokushisela

• Iziqinise zesikhashana

• Izinsimbi zokufaka

• Ozimele besikhashana bosekelo

Lezi zingxenye zesikhashana kufanele zakhelwe ukusiza ukufakwa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kokugcina kwesakhiwo.

Umhlangano Wendawo Nokuma

Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu noma eziyinkimbinkimbi, imidwebo enemininingwane kufanele inikeze ulwazi olucacile lokuma, njenge:

• Imigqa emaphakathi

• Izinkomba zokuphakama

• Izikhundla zomugqa wegridi

• Izikhombisi-ndlela zokufaka

• Izinombolo zezingxenye

• Ukulandelana komhlangano

• Izindawo zokuhlukanisa

Imininingwane yokuma enembile inganciphisa amaphutha okufaka futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokumiswa.

Ukufinyeleleka kokufakwa

Unjiniyela onemininingwane kufanele futhi acabangele ukuthi abasebenzi nemishini banayo yini indawo eyanele yokuqedela ukuxhumana.

Isibonelo, indawo eyanele kufanele ihlinzekwe:

• Ifaka amabhawodi anamandla amakhulu

• Ama-wrenches e-torque asebenzayo

• Ukwenza i-welding field

• Ukuhlola amashisela

• Ifaka amapuleti okuxhumana

• Ukulungisa ukuma kwengxenye

Uma indawo yokuxhuma incane kakhulu, umklamo ungase ulunge ngokwesakhiwo kodwa kube nzima ukuwakha.

3. Izibalo Zokuxhumanisa Kwesakhiwo

Eminye imininingwane yokuxhumana ayikwazi ukunqunywa kuphela ngokudweba. Izibalo zesakhiwo zingadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla nokusebenza koxhumano.

Izibalo zokuxhuma zingabandakanya:

• Izixhumanisi ze-Beam-to-column

• Izixhumanisi ze-Beam splice

• Izixhumanisi zekholomu

• Ukuxhumana kwesisekelo sekholomu

• Izixhumanisi ze-truss-node

• Izixhumanisi ze-bracing

• Izibalo zepuleti le-Gusset

• Izibalo zeqembu le-Bolt

• Izibalo ze-Weld-group

• Izibalo ze-base-plate

• Izibalo ze-anchor-bolt

• Izibalo ze-Stiffener

Izibalo kufanele ziqinisekise umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo, ukuqina, ukuzinza, nokuguqulwa koxhumano ngalunye.

Uma iphrojekthi ihlanganisa izinhlelo ezikhethekile zesakhiwo noma amafomu okuxhumana angahlanganiswa ngokugcwele ngezindlela zokuklama ezijwayelekile, ithimba elinemininingwane kufanele lixhumane nomklami wesakhiwo, umnikazi wephrojekthi, inkampani ekhiqizayo, kanye nosonkontileka wokwakha.

Lapho kudingekile, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto ezinomkhawulo, ukulingisa ikhompyutha, ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri, noma ukuhlola ukusebenza kokuxhumana kungase kusetshenziselwe ukunikeza ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe.

4. Ukubalwa kwe-Camber Yezakhiwo Zensimbi Ye-Span Eside

I-Camber ivamise ukusetshenziselwa imishayo yensimbi ene-span eside, ama-trusses, nezinye izingxenye ezivundlile ezithwala umthwalo.

Ngesikhathi sokwenziwa, ingxenye ikhiqizwa ngokugoba kancane ukuya phezulu ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukuchezuka okudalwe yilokhu:

• Ukuzithwala

• Izinto zophahla

• Imithwalo yemishini

• Imithwalo yesevisi

• Imithwalo yokwakha

I-camber efanele ingathuthukisa ukubukeka nokusebenza kwesevisi yesakhiwo esiqediwe.

I-camber edingekayo kufanele inqunywe ngokuya ngedizayini yesakhiwo, ukuchezuka okubaliwe, ubude be-span, izimo zomthwalo, indlela yokwenziwa, kanye nezidingo zokufakwa.

Inani le-camber kanye nendlela yokulinganisa kufanele ikhonjiswe ngokucacile emidwebeni yokwenziwa.

I-camber eningi ingabangela ubunzima bokufaka, kuyilapho i-camber enganele ingase ibangele ukuchezuka okubonakalayo okuya phansi ngemva kokwakhiwa. Ngakho-ke, i-camber kufanele ibalwe ngokucophelela futhi ilawulwe ngesikhathi sokwenziwa.

5. Izidingo Ezibalulekile Zemininingwane Yesakhiwo Sensimbi

Inqubo ephelele yesakhiwo sensimbi kufanele igxile kulezi zidingo ezilandelayo.

Ukunemba

Bonke ubukhulu, ukuphakama, ukuma kwembobo, ama-engeli okusika, ubukhulu bepuleti, kanye nemininingwane yokuxhuma kufanele kube neqiniso futhi kuhambisane nomklamo wesakhiwo.

Ukwakhiwa

Imininingwane kufanele ibe yinto esebenzayo yokusika impahla, ukubhola, ukushisela, ukuhlanganisa, ukuthutha, ukuphakamisa, nokufakwa.

Ukudidiyela

Imidwebo yesakhiwo, imidwebo yezakhiwo, imidwebo yemishini nekagesi, izakhiwo zemishini, nemidwebo yemvilophu yokwakha kufanele kubuyekezwe ndawonye ukuze kugwenywe izingxabano.

Ukumisa

Ukuxhumana okujwayelekile, osayizi bezingxenye, ukucaciswa kwamapuleti, nezindlela zokwenziwa kunganciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokwenziwa.

Ukulandeleka

Ingxenye ngayinye kufanele ibe nophawu oluhlukile lokuhlonza oluhambisana nomdwebo owenziwe, uhlu lwezinto ezibonakalayo, irekhodi lokuhlola, uhlu lokupakisha, nomdwebo wokumiswa.

Ukuhambisana

Yonke imisebenzi enemininingwane kufanele ihambisane namazinga asebenzayo wokuklama, izidingo zokwenziwa, amazinga okushisela, izinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi, kanye nokucaciswa kwephrojekthi.

6. Izinkinga Ezivamile Emininingwaneni Yesakhiwo Sensimbi

Izinkinga zemininingwane ejwayelekile zihlanganisa:

• Ubukhulu obungekho

• Izinombolo zezingxenye ezingahambisani

• Izikhundla ezingalungile ze-bolt-hole

• Isikhala esinganele sokuqinisa ibhawudi

• Izimpawu zokushisela ezingacacile

• Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwemidwebo yesakhiwo nesakhiwo

• Izimvume zokufaka ezinganele

• Izindawo ezihlukene zokuhlukanisa

• Izingxenye ezeqa imikhawulo yezokuthutha

• Ukucatshangelwa okunganele kokulandelana kokumiswa

Lezi zinkinga zingase ziholele ekumoshweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukwakhiwa kabusha kokwenziwa, ukubambezeleka kokufaka, kanye nezindleko zephrojekthi ezikhuphukile.

Ithimba lemininingwane yochwepheshe kufanele lenze ukubuyekezwa kwemidwebo kanye nokuhlola ukuphazamiseka ngaphambi kokukhipha imidwebo ezokhiqizwa.

7. Inqubo Enconyiwe Yemininingwane Yesakhiwo Sensimbi

Isakhiwo sensimbi esijwayelekile esichaza ukuhamba komsebenzi sihlanganisa:

1. Ukubuyekeza imidwebo yesakhiwo nesakhiwo

2. Ukuqinisekisa izindinganiso ezisebenzayo zokuklama kanye nemininingwane yephrojekthi

3. Ukwakha imodeli yesakhiwo enezinhlangothi ezintathu

4. Ihlola izakhiwo zengxenye kanye nezimo zokuxhuma

5. Ukuklama nokubala ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo

6. Ukulungiselela imidwebo yokuhlanganisa kanye nokwenza

7. Ikhiqiza uhlu lwempahla nebhawudi

8. Ukwenza amamodeli-ukuphazamiseka nokuhlola ukwakheka

9. Ukuhambisa imidwebo ukuze ibuyekezwe futhi ivunywe

10. Ukukhipha imidwebo egunyaziwe ukuze yenziwe

11. Ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokufakwa

Isofthiwe enemininingwane yobungcweti efana ne-Tekla Structures, izinkundla ze-BIM, nezinhlelo zokuhlaziya izakhiwo zingasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukunemba komdwebo, ukuhlotshaniswa kwengxenye, ukuphathwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, nokusebenza kahle kokwenziwa.

Isiphetho

Imininingwane yesakhiwo sensimbi ingaphezu nje kokuguqula imidwebo yedizayini ibe imidwebo eyenziwe. Kudinga ukuqonda okuphelele kokuklama kwesakhiwo, ukubala kokuxhumana, ukwakhiwa kwensimbi, ezokuthutha, ukuphakamisa, nokufakwa kwendawo.

Imidwebo enemininingwane yekhwalithi ephezulu inganciphisa amaphutha okwenziwa, ivimbele izingxabano zesizinda, ifinyeze isikhathi sokwakha, ilawule izindleko zephrojekthi, futhi iqinisekise ukuthi isakhiwo sensimbi esiqediwe sihlangabezana nezidingo zokuqala zokuklama.

I-ZSJH Steel ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zesakhiwo sensimbi yesitobhi esisodwa esihlanganisa imininingwane yesakhiwo, ukwenziwa kwensimbi, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, ukupakishwa kokuthekelisa, ezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nesiqondiso sokufaka.

Sithumelele imidwebo yephrojekthi yakho kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe ukuze uthole isisombululo sesakhiwo sensimbi esenziwe ngokwezifiso.