Ungaqinisekisa Kanjani Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Nokuphathwa Kokuphepha Ekwakhiweni Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi

Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi nokuphathwa kokuphepha yizici ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi. Ukuphatha ukwakhiwa okuphumelelayo akuqinisekisi kuphela ukuzinza kwesakhiwo kanye nekhwalithi yephrojekthi, kodwa futhi kusiza ukunciphisa izingozi zokuphepha, ukugwema ukusebenza kabusha, ukulawula izindleko, nokugcina iphrojekthi ngesikhathi.

Kumaphrojekthi wesakhiwo sensimbi, ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi nokuphepha kufanele kufake yonke inqubo yokwakha, kusukela ekuhleleni ukwakhiwa nokuhlolwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuya ekufakweni kwensimbi, ukushisela, ukumboza, ukuhlolwa, nokwamukelwa kokugcina.

1. Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Yokwakhiwa Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi

1.1 Ukuthuthukisa Uhlelo Lwenhlangano Yokwakha Olunemininingwane

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukwakhiwa, uhlelo lokwakha olunemininingwane futhi olusebenzayo kufanele lulungiswe ngokwezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi.

Lapho kwakhiwa uhlelo lokwakha, izici ezimbili ezibalulekile kufanele zibhekwe:

• Indlela yokwakha kufanele ibe nokwenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe futhi ilinganisele ngokomnotho kuyilapho iqinisekisa ikhwalithi yephrojekthi.

• Isimiso sokwakha kanye nokulandelana komsebenzi kufanele kuhlelwe kahle ukuze ukusebenza kahle kokwakhiwa kungenzi engozini ikhwalithi.

Uhlelo oluphelele lwenhlangano yokwakha kufanele luhlanganise:

1. Ukusungulwa kokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha lobuchwepheshe

2. Izidingo zokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abakhethekile bokwakha

3. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha bokwakha nezinqubo

4. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe eziqondene nephrojekthi

5. Izilinganiso zokulawula ikhwalithi neshejuli

6. Isheduli yokwakha nokuhlela ubude besikhathi sephrojekthi

Uhlelo lokwakha olulungiselelwe kahle lunikeza isiqondiso esicacile sayo yonke iphrojekthi futhi lubalulekile ekulawuleni ikhwalithi, ukuphepha, izindleko, kanye nenqubekelaphambili.

1.2 Lawula Ikhwalithi Yokufakwa Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi

Ukumiswa nokufakwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kuthinta ngqo ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwesakhiwo.

Ngaphambi kokufakwa, ithimba lezokwakha kufanele libuyekeze ngokucophelela imidwebo yesakhiwo, libale amanani adingekayo, lilungise uhlelo lokufaka, futhi lithuthukise izinqubo zokumiswa ezinemininingwane.

Yonke imishini yokufaka kufanele futhi ihlolwe futhi ilinganiswe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa okokusebenza kokufakwa kwebhawudi enamandla amakhulu, imishini yokushisela, okokuphakamisa izinto zokusebenza, nezinsimbi zokulinganisa.

Ukuhlolwa okubalulekile ngaphambi kokumiswa kungafaka:

• Ukulinganiswa kwe-torque kagesi noma ama-shear wrenches amabhawodi anamandla aphezulu

• Ukuhlolwa kwamabhawodi anamandla aphezulu nezindawo ezingqubuzanayo

• Ukuqinisekiswa kwemingcele ye-stud welding

• Ukuqinisekiswa kwezinqubo zokushisela insimu

• Ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye zensimbi ezingenayo

• Ihlola ukuguquguquka kwengxenye, ubukhulu, izindawo zembobo yebhawodi, nokubekezelela ukwenziwa

Noma iyiphi ingxenye yensimbi engahlangabezani nemibandela edingekayo kufanele ilungiswe noma ishintshwe ngaphambi kokufakwa.

Izingxenye ezingalungile akufanele neze zifakwe, njengoba zingase zithinte ukunemba kwesakhiwo futhi zidale izingozi zokuphepha ezingaba khona.

1.3 Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokushisela

I-Welding ingenye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo sensimbi. Ikhwalithi yokushisela engalungile ingase ibangele ukonakala kwesakhiwo, ukuwohloka okukhulu, ukucindezeleka okusalelayo, kanye nezingozi ezinkulu zokuphepha.

Ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukushisela, onjiniyela kufanele bafunde ngokucophelela uhlelo lwesakhiwo, imininingwane yokuxhuma, izinqubo zokushisela, nokulandelana kokwakhiwa.

Ukulandelana kwe-welding okunengqondo kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukuguquguquka nokucindezeleka okusalayo.

Lapho kusebenza khona, i-welding kufanele ilandele izimiso zoku:

• I-symmetry yesakhiwo

• I-symmetry ehlangene

• Ukushisela okulinganiselayo

• Okokufaka okulawulwayo kokushisa

• Ukulandelana kahle kwe-welding

Ozimele ezinkulu zensimbi, ukushisela ngokuvamile kwenziwa kusuka ezindaweni ezinokuqina okukhulu kwesakhiwo kuya ezindaweni ezizungezile ukuze kuncishiswe ukuwohloka okunqwabelene.

Ukuze kuxhunywe i-beam-to-column, izinqubo zokushisela ezilinganisayo nezinyakazayo zingathathwa ukuze kuncishiswe izingcindezi zokuncipha nokuhlanekezela.

Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-welding, imingcele ebalulekile yesakhiwo kufanele ibhekwe ngokuqhubekayo, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukuma kwekholomu

• Ukuphakama kwe-beam

• Ukuqondanisa okuvundlile

• I-deformation yokuxhumana

• Ijiyomethri yohlaka lulonke

Uma kwenzeka ukuwohloka okungavamile, ukushisela kufanele kumiswe okwesikhashana futhi imbangela kufanele iphenywe ngaphambi kokuqhubeka.

Amarekhodi anemininingwane yokushisela kufanele futhi agcinwe endaweni ngayinye yokusebenza.

Ngemuva kokushisela, ama-welds kufanele ahlolwe ngokuya ngezidingo zephrojekthi. Ngokuya ngezidingo zesakhiwo, izindlela zokuhlola zingabandakanya ukuhlola okubonakalayo nokuhlola okungabhubhisi njengokuhlola i-ultrasonic noma ukuhlolwa kwezinhlayiyana kazibuthe.

Lokhu kusiza ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho be-weld futhi kuvimbele iziphambeko ezifana nokuhlanganisa okungaphelele, ukuqhekeka, ukuqina, ukusika ngaphansi, noma ama-welds alahlekile.

1.4 Ukulungiselela Ubuso, Ukususwa Kokugqwala, Nokumboza

Ukulungiswa kwendawo kanye nokwemboza okuvikelayo kubalulekile ukuze kuhlale isikhathi eside izakhiwo zensimbi.

Ukukhipha ukugqwala kungenziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuqhumisa ezenziwa ngesandla, ngomshini, noma eziqhumisayo kuye ngebanga elishiwo lokulungiswa kwendawo.

Ngaphambi kokudweba noma ukumboza, indawo yensimbi kufanele ihlanzeke futhi ingabi nalutho:

• Welding slag

• Amafutha namafutha

• Umswakama

• Uthuli

• Ukugqwala

• Burrs nokunye ukungcola

Inombolo yezendlalelo zokumboza nokuqina kwefilimu eyomile kufanele ihambisane nemininingwane yephrojekthi.

Zonke izinto zokumboza kufanele zibe nezitifiketi zekhwalithi ezifanele kanye nemibhalo yomkhiqizo.

Kumaphrojekthi adinga ukumbozwa okungashi, inqubo yokufaka isicelo kufanele ilandele izidingo ezisebenzayo zokuvikela umlilo kanye nezinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezigunyaziwe.

Ukwelashwa okufanelekile kwendawo kanye nokunameka kusiza ukuvikela izakhiwo zensimbi ekugqwaleni, umswakama, amakhemikhali, nokuchayeka kwemvelo, kunwebe kakhulu impilo yazo yesevisi.

1.5 Qinisa Ukuhlola Nokwemukelwa Kokugcina

Ukuhlola akufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngemva kokuba umsebenzi usuphothuliwe. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kufanele kusetshenziswe kuyo yonke inqubo yokwakha.

Ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kunikezwe imisebenzi efihliwe kanye nezindawo zokuxhuma ezibalulekile.

Izinto ezibalulekile zokuhlola zihlanganisa:

• Ubukhulu bengxenye yensimbi nokuma kwayo

• Izixhumanisi eziboshiwe

• Amalunga ashiselwe

• Ukuma kwekholomu

• Ukuphakama kwe-beam

• Ukuqondanisa kwesakhiwo

• Izingubo zokuzivikela

• Izingubo zokuvikela umlilo

• Amapuleti okuxhuma nama-anchor bolt

Amarekhodi okuhlola kanye nokunikezela kufanele agcinwe ngendlela efanele.

Uma kutholakala inkinga yekhwalithi, umsebenzi wokwakha othintekile kufanele umiswe ngokushesha. Onjiniyela kufanele bahlonze imbangela, bahlole umthelela ongaba khona, futhi bakhe uhlelo olufanele lokulungisa izinto.

Ukwakhiwa kufanele kuqale kabusha kuphela ngemva kokuba inkinga isixazululiwe ngendlela efanele.

Ngokukhubazeka okukhulu noma izimo ezingase zithinte ukuphepha kwesakhiwo, izingxenye ezithintekile kufanele zilungiswe noma zishintshwe ngokuvumelana nesixazululo sobunjiniyela esigunyaziwe.

2. Ukuphathwa Kokuphepha Ngesikhathi Sokwakhiwa Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi

Ukuphepha kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi kube yinto ehamba phambili ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo sensimbi.

Ukwakhiwa kwensimbi kuhilela imisebenzi eminingi enobungozi obukhulu, okuhlanganisa ukuphakamisa okunzima, ukushisela, ukusebenza endaweni ephakeme, ukusebenza kwe-crane, ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo sesikhashana, nokufakwa kwezingxenye ezinkulu zensimbi.

Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kokuphepha kufanele kufake yonke inqubo yokwakha kunezigaba ezithile kuphela.

2.1 Sungula Uhlelo Oluphelele Lokulawula Ukuphepha

Ngaphambi kokuthi ukwakhiwa kuqale, usonkontileka kufanele enze uhlelo lokuphatha ukuphepha oluqondene nephrojekthi olusekelwe emithethweni esebenzayo, izimo zephrojekthi, nezindlela zokwakha.

Izinqubo zokuphepha eziyisipesheli kufanele zilungiselelwe imisebenzi eyingozi kakhulu efana nale:

• Ukuphakamisa isakhiwo sensimbi

• Sebenza ekuphakameni

• Imisebenzi ye-Crane

• I-bracing yesikhashana

• Ukushisela nokusika

• I-scaffolding

• Umsebenzi kagesi

• Ukufakwa kwezingxenye ezinkulu zensimbi

Ithimba labakhi kufanele lilandele ngokuqinile izinqubo ezigunyaziwe zokwakha nezokuphepha.

2.2 Qinisa Ukuhlolwa Kokuphepha Esizeni

Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha okuvamile kufanele kwenziwe kuso sonke isikhathi sokwakha.

Abasebenzi abaphethe indawo kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi abasebenzi balandela izinqubo ezigunyaziwe nokuthi izinyathelo zokuphepha ezidingekayo zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele.

Izinto ezibalulekile zokuhlola zihlanganisa:

• Iziqu zabasebenzi

• Imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu

• Imishini yokuphakamisa

• Ama-Cranes nezinhlelo zokubopha

• Izinkundla zokuphepha

• Izisekelo zesikhashana kanye ne-bracing

• Impahla kagesi

• Izinyathelo zokuvimbela umlilo

• Amasistimu okuvikela ukuwa

Uma kutholakala ingozi enkulu yokuphepha, umsebenzi ofanele kufanele umiswe ngokushesha kuze kube sekwenziwe izinyathelo zokuyilungisa.

2.3 Ukuhlinzeka Ngokuqeqeshwa Kwezokuphepha kanye Nemininingwane Yezobuchwepheshe

Izinkampani zokwakha kufanele zinikeze imfundo yokuphepha nokuqeqeshwa kobuchwepheshe kubo bonke abasebenzi ngaphambi kokuba bangene endaweni yomsebenzi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile abasebenzi abasanda kuqashwa kanye nabasebenzi abathintekayo emisebenzini eyingozi kakhulu.

Ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha kufanele kufake:

• Imithetho yokuphepha kwesayithi

• Imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu

• Izidingo zokusebenza ngokuphakama

• Izinqubo zokusebenza zokuphakamisa

• Ukushisela nokuvimbela umlilo

• Izinqubo zokusabela eziphuthumayo

• Ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwamathuluzi nemishini

Ukuqeqeshwa okuvamile kokuphepha kusiza abasebenzi baqonde izingozi ezingaba khona futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqwashisa ngokuphepha kukonke.

2.4 Qinisa Ukulawulwa Kokuphepha Komsebenzi-Ekuphakameni

Ukumiswa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kuvame ukudinga ukuthi abasebenzi basebenze ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, okwenza ukuvikelwa kokuwa kube esinye sezilawuli zokuphepha ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Abasebenzi abasebenza ngobude kufanele balungele umsebenzi ngokwezempilo futhi baqeqeshwe kahle.

Izinyathelo zokuphepha ezilandelayo kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokuqinile:

• Abasebenzi kumele bagqoke amahhanisi okuphepha agunyaziwe.

• Izindlela zokuphepha kufanele zifakwe lapho kudingeka khona.

• Amanethi okuphepha kufanele ahlinzekwe ezindaweni ezifanele zokusebenza.

• Izinkundla zokusebenza zesikhashana kufanele zizinze futhi zivikelwe ngendlela efanele.

• Amathuluzi nezinto zokwakha kufanele kuvikelwe ukuvikela izinto eziwayo.

• Izindlela zokufinyelela nezitebhisi kufanele ziphephe futhi zithembeke.

Abasebenzi abangafaneleki ngokomzimba ukuba basebenze endaweni ephakeme akufanele bavunyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi enjalo.

Isiphetho

Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi nokuphathwa kokuphepha kuyisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi esiyimpumelelo.

Kusukela ekuhleleni ukwakhiwa, ukuhlolwa kwengxenye yensimbi, ukumiswa, ukushisela, ukwelashwa kwendawo, nokwamukelwa kokugcina ekuphakamiseni imisebenzi nokuvikelwa komsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu, zonke izigaba zidinga ukuphathwa okuhlelekile nokuhlolwa okuqinile.

Ngokusungula izinqubo ezicacile zokwakha, ukuqinisa ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, ukuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi, nokusebenzisa izinyathelo eziphelele zokuphepha, osonkontileka banganciphisa izingozi zokwakha, bathuthukise ikhwalithi yesakhiwo, futhi baqinisekise ukuphothulwa ngempumelelo kwemiklamo yesakhiwo sensimbi.

Kumaphrojekthi wesakhiwo sensimbi samazwe ngamazwe, ikhwalithi yokwenziwa okuthembekile, ukudidiyelwa kwezakhiwo ezichwepheshile, izinqubo zokuhlola eziqinile, nokuphathwa kokuphepha okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ekuletheni izakhiwo zensimbi eziphephile, eziqinile, nezisezingeni eliphezulu.