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Ukubuka: 0 Umbhali: Isikhathi Sokushicilela Isihleli Sesayithi: 2026-07-13 Umsuka: Isayithi
Ukwakhiwa Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi kusiza abathengi bezimboni nabezentengiselwano lapho isakhiwo kufanele sihlanganise ubude, isivinini, ukulawulwa kwezindleko, ukuthobela ikhodi, nempilo ende yesevisi. Ingozi yokukhetha iwukuklama ngokweqile ingxenye eyodwa kuyilapho ubukela phansi umlilo, ukugqwala, ukufingqa, ukudlidliza, noma imiphumela yesisekelo. Lo mhlahlandlela usekela abanikazi, abathuthukisi, amaqembu e-EPC, abaphathi bemishini, abaqondisi bezikhungo, namaqembu okuthenga ngokuqhathanisa nezinhlelo zensimbi zamafektri, izindawo zokusebenzela, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, amafreyimu aphakeme, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi. Izakhiwo ezingezona ezokuhlala nezimboni zimelela ingxenye enkulu yesidingo sesakhiwo sensimbi; ezinye izinkomba zemakethe zika-2023 zabeka leyo ngxenye eduze kwama-60% womsebenzi womhlaba wesakhiwo sensimbi. Isistimu engalungile ingakhuphula izindleko zesisekelo, ukumiswa kancane, ukukhawulela ukumbozwa kwe-crane, yehlise indawo esebenzisekayo, futhi idale ukulungiswa okungagwemeka. Umhlahlandlela uhlola izinketho ngohlobo lwesistimu, ukufaneleka kwesicelo, izithiyo zobunjiniyela, indlela yekhodi, ukuhamba komsebenzi, kanye nenani lezindleko zobunikazi. Ukuqagela kobuchwepheshe kufanele kuhlolwe kuqhathaniswa namakhodi endawo futhi kubuyekezwe unjiniyela wesakhiwo onelayisensi noma oqashiwe.
Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kuvamise ukuba namandla kakhulu lapho ukulethwa okusheshayo, ukuvuleka okude okucacile, izisekelo ezilula, i-seismic ductility, nodaba lokunwetshwa kwesikhathi esizayo ngaphezu komlilo wemvelo, i-acoustic, noma i-thermal mass.
Isistimu 'engcono kakhulu' incike esimweni sokusebenzisa: amafreyimu ephothali wamaphrojekthi amaningi emboni yesakhiwo sensimbi enesitezi esisodwa kanye namaphrojekthi eshabhu lesakhiwo sensimbi, amafreyimu ekholomu yekholomu yamaphrojekthi ozimele wensimbi anezitezi eziningi, nama-trusses, amafreyimu esikhala, amakhothamo, amagobolondo, noma amasistimu ekhebula amakhulu kakhulu avulekile.
Isilinganiso esiphezulu sensimbi nesisindo, i-ductility, ukuziphatha kwempahla efanayo, kanye nokugaywa kabusha kuyizinzuzo ezinkulu, kodwa insimbi engavikelekile isadinga umlilo wamabomu, ukugqwala, okushisayo, i-acoustic, kanye nedizayini yokufingqa.
Isakhiwo sensimbi esenziwe ngaphambilini kanye nezinhlelo ze-PEB zinganciphisa ngokubonakalayo isikhathi sesayithi, kodwa ukonga kuncike emikhawulweni yezokuthutha, ukumisa idizayini ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ububanzi bokunamathela, amandla okumiswa kwendawo, kanye nokubonakala kwemininingwane yomthengisi.
Ikhwalithi yesinqumo iyathuthuka uma abathengi bengaqhathanisi nje amanani angaphambili noma amathani, kodwa futhi nesilinganiso somlilo, isigaba sokugqwala, izikhawu zokulungisa, ukudlidliza kwephansi, isu lokuxhuma, ukuthobela ikhodi, ukuguquguquka kwesikhathi esizayo, umthelela we-ESG, kanye nokwabiwa kwengozi yokwakha.
Izingcaphuno eziqhathanisekayo kufanele zisebenzise ukuqagela okufanayo kwemithwalo, ibanga lensimbi, ubude besikhathi, ubude, imvilophu, ukuvikela umlilo, ama-coatings, amafawundeshini, ububanzi bokumiswa, amawaranti, nokungafakwanga.
Insimbi iyathandeka ngoba inikeza amandla aphezulu ngesisindo somuntu siqu esiphansi. Lokho kusiza ama-span amakhulu, amafreyimu amade, izisekelo ezilula, nokumiswa okusheshayo. Insimbi ye-Q235 inamandla okukhiqiza aseduze nama-MPa angama-235. I-Q345, i-ASTM A572 Ibanga lama-50, kanye nezinsimbi ezingama-MPa-class ezingama-355 zinikeza umthamo ophezulu wesivuno odinga amafreyimu, okhrayini, nezakhiwo ezinezitezi eziningi.
Iphinde iziphathe kahle kumamodeli wobunjiniyela. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zifana, ziyi-ductile, ziyakwazi ukugaywa kabusha, futhi zilungele ukufakwa kwemininingwane yezinga lokwenziwa. Ukusika ngaphandle kwendawo, ukubhoboza, ukushisela, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlanganisa isivivinyo kunganciphisa ukungaqiniseki kwendawo. Ozimele ababoshiwe bangakwazi ukusekela ukunwetshwa okuzayo, ukudilizwa ingxenye, nokusebenzisa kabusha okuguquguqukayo lapho idizayini yasekuqaleni ikuvumela khona.
Lezo zinzuzo zisadinga ukuvikelwa ngamabomu. Insimbi engavikelekile ayishi, kodwa ayinamlilo. Indawo eswakeme, egudle ugu, amakhemikhali, newashdown idinga ukwakheka kokugqwala okusekelwe ekuchazweni. Insimbi iphinde iphathe ukushisa, ngakho-ke ama-purlins, amagithi, amaphaneli, kanye nezindawo zokuhlangana kodonga zidinga ukujiya kanye nokulawula ibhuloho elishisayo. Ukusebenza kwe-acoustic kanye nesisindo sokushisa ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlanganisa okungeziwe.
Izinqumo ezine zangaphambi kwesikhathi zilolonga yonke iphrojekthi:
Khetha isistimu yesakhiwo: uzimele wephothali, uhlaka lwekholomu ye-beam, i-truss, ifremu yesikhala, i-arch, igobolondo, esekelwa ikhebula, i-hybrid, noma isistimu ye-light-gauge.
Khetha imodeli yokulethwa: insimbi eyakhiwe evamile, isistimu eyenziwe ngaphambili, i-PEB, insimbi ehlanganisiwe, noma ukwakhiwa kwensimbi ehlanganisiwe.
Chaza iphakheji yokuvikela: ukuvikela umlilo, okokumboza, ukufaka umpheme, ukwahlukanisa, ukulawula umhwamuko, izendlalelo ze-acoustic, nokufinyelela kokulungisa.
Nikeza isibopho sokwenza: unjiniyela, umkhiqizi, isisebenzi se-coating, usonkontileka wokwakha, umhloli, nethimba lemibhalo yokunikezela.
Insimbi ivamise ukufanela amaphrojekthi asheshayo ngoba izisekelo, ukwakhiwa, ukuthengwa kwempahla, nokulungiswa kwesayithi kungasebenza ngokufana. Futhi ifaneleka kahle izikhala ezinde ezicacile, ukuhamba komsebenzi okungenakholomu, ukunwetshwa ngezigaba, ukungezwa kophahla lwendlu, kanye nezindawo ezinomhlabathi obuthakathaka lapho isisindo somuntu siqu esiphansi singanciphisa isidingo sesisekelo.
Izakhiwo zezimboni ziyazuza ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo. Imishayo ye-crane, ama-pipe racks, i-mezzanines, amapulatifomu, ukuvuleka kwesevisi, amathreyi ekhebula, nezisekelo zemishini kungahlanganiswa kuhlaka. Ezifundeni zokuzamazama komhlaba, i-bracing enemininingwane efanele, amafreyimu esikhashana, noxhumo lwe-ductile kungamunca amandla futhi kunciphise ingcuphe yokwehluleka okufiphalayo.
Insimbi ingase ingabi nokuncintisana lapho iphrojekthi idinga ukumelana nomlilo okuphezulu, i-acoustic mass esindayo, noma ukuzinza kokushisa ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa okwengeziwe. Izindawo zasolwandle ezinolaka kakhulu, amakhemikhali, noma eziwashwayo zingashintsha izindleko zomjikelezo wempilo ziye ekufinyeleleni kokumboza nokuhlola. Izakhiwo ezincane zingase zithande ukhonkolo, ukwakhiwa kwamatshe, noma izingodo uma abasebenzi bendawo kanye namaketanga okuhlinzeka kunamandla. Ijiyomethri eyenziwe ngezifiso kakhulu nayo inganciphisa izinzuzo zezinzuzo ezenziwe ngaphambili.
Sula ubude bendawo, ubude be-eave, isikhala se-bay, ukubala kwephansi, nomzila wokunwebeka wesikhathi esizayo
Imithwalo ye-crane, i-mezzanines, imithwalo yamarack, okokusebenza ophahleni, ilanga, izifafaza, nokuminyana kwe-MEP
Umoya, ukuzamazama komhlaba, iqhwa, izikhukhula, umswakama, ukuchayeka olwandle, ukushisa, ukuhuzuka kwesihlabathi, nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali
Isilinganiso somlilo esidingekayo, isigaba sokuhlala, izidingo zomshwalense, nendlela yekhodi yendawo
Ukusebenza kokushisa, ukulawula umhwamuko, ama-acoustics, imikhawulo yokudlidliza, nokufinyelela kokulungisa
Amazinga asebenzayo afana ne-AISC 360, IBC, Eurocode 3, AS 4100, NZS 3404, noma GB 50017
Amasistimu ensimbi kufanele ahlukaniswe ngendlela yomthwalo, uhlobo lwelungu, isu lokuxhuma, imodeli yokulethwa, kanye necala lokusebenzisa. Ithebula linikeza ukuqhathanisa okusebenzayo kwezinga lomthengi.
| Uhlobo lwesistimu | Ukulingana okuhle kakhulu | Amandla amakhulu | Ukuqapha komthengi |
Uhlaka lwephothali |
Amafekthri, amaworkshops, awarehouses, logistics halls |
Ukumiswa okusheshayo, izikhala ezicacile zesitezi esisodwa |
Amabhuloho ashisayo, imithwalo ye-crane, ukuphakamisa umoya, ukuhlelwa kwe-bay esizayo |
Uhlaka lwekholomu ye-Beam |
Izakhiwo ezinezitezi eziningi zezimboni nezohwebo |
Amagridi aguquguqukayo, ukunqwabelanisa okuqondile, ukuguquguquka kwesiqashi |
Ukuvikela umlilo, ukudlidliza, ukwakheka kwe-acoustic, ukuxhumanisa kwe-MEP |
I-truss |
Ama-hangars, amatheminali, amabhuloho, uphahla olude |
Ukusebenza kahle kwezinto ngokusebenzisa izindlela ze-axial force |
Ukunemba kwenodi, ukubhucungwa kwesikhashana, ukuguqulwa kwekusasa okunzima |
Uhlaka lwesikhala noma igridi |
Izikhumulo zezindiza, izinkundla, ama-atrium, amahholo ombukiso |
Ukwabelana komthwalo okunezindawo eziningi kanye nomthelela wezakhiwo |
Amanodi ochwepheshe, isilawuli sokubekezelelana, ukufinyelela kokumboza |
I-arch, igobolondo, ipuleti, noma isistimu esekelwe ikhebula |
Izindawo zomphakathi ezinkulu, amathangi, izisele, uphahla oluyisakhiwo sodumo |
Izikhala ezinkulu kakhulu kanye nejometri ecacile |
I-thrust, i-buckling, ukukhathala, i-anchorage, ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe |
Isistimu eyenziwe ngaphambilini noma ye-PEB |
Izakhiwo eziphindaphindayo ezikhuphukela eziphansi zezimboni nezohwebo |
Ukulawulwa kwefekthri, ukuhlanganiswa okusheshayo, ukuthengwa kwempahla okubikezelwe |
Izinguquko eziphuzile, imikhawulo yezokuthutha, imininingwane yobunikazi |
A Ifekthri yesakhiwo sensimbi ivamise ukuqala ngohlaka lwephothali ngoba uhlelo lufanele ukukhiqizwa kwesitezi esisodwa, indawo yokugcina, kanye nendawo yokuhlela. Amakholomu namapulangwe axhumeka emadolweni aqinile namalunga e-apex. Ama-purlin esibili, amagithi, ama-bracing, ama-cladding rails, nama-base plate aqeda umzila wokulayisha.
Izikhala zezomnotho zivame ukusuka kumamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-50. Amaphrojekthi amaningi ajwayelekile asebenza kahle kakhulu kumamitha angama-25 kuye kwangama-35. Ozimele abanjiniyela bangafinyelela ububanzi obubanzi, okufaka phakathi amamitha angama-50 kuye kwayi-100 ezimweni ezikhethiwe, kodwa ithoni, ukujula kwe-haunch, ezokuthutha, nobunkimbinkimbi bokumiswa kuyanda. Ukuphakama kwe-Eave kuvame ukuwela phakathi kwamamitha angu-5 no-10. Isikhala sozimele ngokuvamile sihlala eduze kwamamitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-8.
A I-High-Rise Steel Frame isebenzisa imishayo namakholomu kugridi ephindaphindiwe, ngokuvamile ehlanganiswe nama-braced bays, amafreyimu esikhashana, ama-slabs ayinhlanganisela, ama-shear cores, ama-outrigger, noma amasistimu ahlanganisiwe. Lezi zinhlelo zifanele amahhovisi, izibhedlela, amahhotela, imibhoshongo esetshenziswa ngokuxubile, izakhiwo zokupaka izimoto, kanye nezakhiwo zezimboni ezinezitezi eziningi.
Inzuzo ukuhlela ukuguquguquka. Izitezi zinganqwabelana ziqonde, abaqashi bangashintsha izakhiwo, futhi amasevisi angahlanganiswa ngamagridi avamile. Ukuhwebelana kuwumthwalo ophezulu wokuxhumanisa. Ukuvikela umlilo, ukudlidliza kwaphansi, ukuhlangana kwe-acoustic, ukubekezelelwa kwe-facade, izingcezu zekholomu, ukuhlola kokugoqa okuqhubekayo, nokuhlolwa kokuxhumeka konke kuthinta isabelomali nohlelo.
Ama-trusses asebenzisa amalungu angunxantathu ukuthwala imithwalo ikakhulukazi nge-axial tension kanye nokucindezelwa. Asebenza kahle kuma-hangars ezindiza, uphahla olukhulu, amagalari okuthutha, izindawo zokuthutha kanye nezakhiwo zezemidlalo. Ukuhlola okuyinhloko ukujula kwelungu, ubude obuphathekayo, imininingwane ye-node, i-bracing yesikhashana, ikhwalithi yokushisela, nokulandelana kokumiswa.
Amafreyimu omkhathi namagridi asabalalisa imithwalo ngezilinganiso ezintathu. Zifanelana nezikhumulo zezindiza, izinkundla, ama-canopies, ama-atrium namahholo emibukiso. Amakhothamo, amagobolondo, izakhiwo zamapuleti ensimbi, nophahla olusekelwe ngekhebula kukhuluma ngeziba ezinkulu kakhulu noma amafomu okuthengisa acacile. Badinga ukuhlaziya okukhethekile ngoba ukusunduza, ukugoba, ukukhathala, ukuzenzisa, i-anchorage, i-drainage, nokufinyelela kwe-coating kungabusa ubungozi.
A Isakhiwo sensimbi esenziwe ngaphambilini singanciphisa isikhathi sesayithi lapho isakhiwo siphindaphinda futhi nomklamo uqandiswe kusenesikhathi. Izingxenye ziyakhiwa, zisikwe, zibhobhodwe, zishiselwe, zifakwe amalebula, zilebulwe bese zithunyelwa ukuze zihlanganiswe ngokushesha. Ukonga kuncike kusayizi wezokuthutha, ububanzi bokunamathela, amandla okumiswa kwendawo, kanye nemininingwane yokuxhumana esobala.
A Ishabhu yesakhiwo sensimbi ingase isebenzise uhlelo olwakhelwe ngaphambili noma lwe-PEB lapho ukuvuleka kweminyango, amakhreni, okokufaka, nokunwetshwa okuzayo kucacile ngaphambi kokukhishwa kokwenziwa. Izingxenye zegeji yokukhanya C noma u-U zihlala ziwusizo kuma-partitions, izindonga zokugcwalisa, ama-facade, osilingi, nezindawo ezivalekile ezincane. Akufanele zithathele indawo uzimele oyinhloko wamabhilidi amade, asekelwa i-crane, aphakeme kakhulu, noma anomthwalo osindayo.
Izakhiwo zezimboni kufanele zihlelwe ngokuhamba komsebenzi, hhayi kuphela amathani ensimbi. Izimboni zingase zidinge imishayo ye-crane runway, ama-corbels, i-anchorage yemishini, imishini ezwela ukudlidliza, ukukhipha uthuli, ama-utility racks, ama-mezzanines, amapulatifomu okulungisa, izifafazi, imithwalo yelanga, nendawo yomlilo. Uhlaka kufanele lusekele izindlela zokushintshwa kwemishini kanye nezinguquko zokukhiqiza ezizayo.
Ama-workshops kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla ngokuvamile zibeka phambili ukuhamba okucacile, ukwakheka kwama-rack, izikhundla zedokhi, ukuvikelwa kwe-forklift, iminyango engaphezulu, indawo ebiyelwe ngokushesha, ukugeleza kophahla, kanye nezindawo zokunweba. Amafreyimu ephothali kanye nezinhlelo ezenziwe ngaphambilini zifanelana nezakhiwo eziningi ezinesitezi esisodwa. Ozimele bekholomu yebhimu baba namandla uma amahhovisi, ama-mezzanines, noma izindawo zokukhiqiza ezinezitezi eziningi zibalulekile.
Amaphrojekthi amakhulu ezimbonini namandla asebenzisa insimbi kuma-rack racks, izakhiwo zokuhluza, izimboni zikagesi, izinsiza zezimayini, amagalari okuthutha, izakhiwo ze-compressor, amahholo ophephela, kanye nezinkundla zokusebenza. Ukuhlola okwengeziwe kuhlanganisa izindawo ezinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukukhathala, ukuqhuma, isidingo sokuzamazama komhlaba, imizila yemishini emikhulu, ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali, nokufinyelela ekuhlolweni.
Izakhiwo zikawoyela, igesi, i-petrochemical, kanye ne-offshore zingadinga izinsimbi ze-Q345 noma 355 MPa-class, amamaki esimo sezulu lapho kufanele khona, imininingwane engagqwali eyi-duplex ezindaweni ezinzima, ipuleti eliwugqinsi lamathangi, nezingxenye ezinkulu eziyizigodi eziyindilinga noma izinqwaba zamapayipi. I-ISO 12944 C4, C5, noma i-C5-M yezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa izindawo ezijwayelekile zokuchayeka ezimbonini zasogwini, zasolwandle, noma ezinolaka. Indawo ebandayo, ukudla, kanye nezakhiwo zemithi yengeza izivimbi zomhwamuko, isilawuli sendawo yamazolo, amajoyinti ahlanzekile, imininingwane yamaphaneli afakiwe, kanye nokuqeda ukumelana nokugeza.
Izicelo zensimbi yezentengiselwano zihlanganisa amahhovisi, izikhungo zokudayisa, izitolo ezinkulu, amagumbi ombukiso, amahhotela, izibhedlela, izinkundla zokusebenzisa izinto ezixubile, izakhiwo zokupaka, izikhumulo zezindiza, izinkundla zemidlalo, namahholo emibukiso. Ozimele bekholomu ye-Beam bafanelana nezimo eziguquguqukayo ezinezitezi eziningi. Amasistimu ephothali noma e-PEB afanela amabhokisi amakhulu okuthengisa asezingeni eliphansi. Ama-trusses nama-space frame afanelana nama-atrium, izinkundla zokudla, amatheminali, nophahla olude.
Izindawo zomphakathi zivame ukusebenzisa insimbi ngoba idala ingaphakathi elikhulu elingaphazamiseki kanye namafomu ophahla ahlukile. Amasistimu we-clear-span angaphinda abhekane nezimo ezinzima zomoya noma zokuzamazama komhlaba, njengoba kubonakala ku izindawo zomphakathi ezikwazi ukumelana nomoya nokuzamazama komhlaba . Izakhiwo zokupaka kanye nokunwetshwa okuqondile kuyazuza ekulayisheni okufile okungatheni kanye nokwakhiwa okomile, kodwa amapayipi amanzi, usawoti wokuqeda uqhwa, ukuvikelwa komthelela, ukudlidliza, nemithetho yomlilo idinga ukubuyekezwa kusenesikhathi.
Kuhle Ubunjiniyela besakhiwo sensimbi buxhumanisa imigomo yezentengiselwano nezindlela eziphephile zokulayisha, imininingwane engakhayo, nokugcinwa kwangempela. Kufanele kuqale ngaphambi kwentengo yomthengisi, hhayi ngemuva kokuthi kukhethwe isilinganiso esiphansi.
Imithwalo yokuklama iwela ngamaqembu amathathu. Imithwalo efile ihlanganisa ukuzikala kwensimbi, ukuvala, ukufulela, okokusebenza okungashintshi, nezinkonzo ezihlala njalo. Imithwalo ephilayo ihlanganisa abantu, isitoreji, ama-forklift, ama-cranes, imithwalo yesondlo, nemithwalo yokwakha. Imithwalo yemvelo ihlanganisa umoya, i-seismic, iqhwa, imvula, izikhukhula, ukunyakaza okushisayo, nezenzo zengozi.
| Okokufaka | Ibhentshimakhi yokuqondisa | Kungani kubalulekile |
I-Industrial steel frame self-weight |
Cishe u-0.2-0.4 kN/m² wendawo yohlelo |
Ilawula izisekelo, usayizi welungu, kanye nomklamo wokuphakamisa |
Imithwalo yenkonzo yophahla |
Cishe 0.1-0.25 kN/m² |
Ama-akhawunti ama-sprinklers, ukukhanya, i-MEP, i-solar, nokufinyelela |
Uphahla olunemithambeka ephansi lubeke umthwalo |
Ngokuvamile okungenani u-0.6 kN/m², ngaphansi kwekhodi |
Ithinta amapulangwe, ama-purlins, ukuhlola amachibi, nokuchezuka |
Ishidi lensimbi yesikhumba esisodwa |
Cishe 0.07-0.20 kN/m² |
Ishintsha isidingo sophahla kanye nodonga |
Iphaneli yenhlanganisela noma isangweji |
Cishe 0.10-0.15 kN/m² |
Kuthinta isisindo sendawo ebiyelwe nokusebenza okushisayo |
Lokhu okokufaka kuthinta ithoni, ukusabela kwesisekelo, amabhawodi okusetshenzwa kulengwa, imishayo ye-crane, ukuchezuka, ukushwibeka, ukugoqa, ukudlidliza, nokuhlelwa kokumiswa. Ukuhlolwa kokukwazi ukuseviswa kufanele kufake ibhande le-lateral-torsional, ukuchibiyela kophahla, ukunyakaza koxhumano, ukudlidliza kwaphansi, ukunwetshwa kokushisa, nokuqondanisa komzila we-crane.
Izinsimbi ze-Q235 noma i-ASTM A36-class zivame ukufanela izakhiwo ezijwayelekile ezinomthwalo ophansi kuya kokuphakathi. I-Q345, i-ASTM A572 Grade 50, kanye ne-MPa-class steels engu-355 ifanela izikhala ezinde, okhrayini abasindayo, amafreyimu anezitezi eziningi, kanye nemithwalo yezimboni edingekayo. Insimbi yesimo sezulu ingafanelana nokuchayeka komkhathi okukhethiwe. Ama-alloys angagqwali noma akhethekile amelana nokugqwala angase athethelelwe ezindaweni zamakhemikhali ezinzima noma zasolwandle.
Izigaba zika-H no-I ngokuvamile zakha imishayo namakholomu.
Amabhinca amapuleti akhelwe phezulu asebenza ngobubanzi obude nemithwalo esindayo.
Amashaneli nama-engeli afanelana nozimele wesibili, ukuqinisa, nezisekelo.
Amalungu e-HSS, e-CHS, kanye ne-RHS afaneleka ukunyakaziswa, ukucindezelwa, insimbi eveziwe, nezakhiwo ezifana nepayipi.
Amapuleti ensimbi afanelana namagobolondo, amathangi, izisele, nezakhiwo zokuqukatha ezishiselwe.
Insimbi enamandla aphakeme inganciphisa amathani, kodwa ingase yenyuse izindleko zeyunithi, izimfuno zokushisela, ukuhlolwa, ubungozi bokutholakala, nobunkimbinkimbi bokuxhumana. Izixhumanisi eziboshiwe zisekela ukumisa okusheshayo kanye nokuqaqa okuzayo. Izixhumanisi ezishiselwe zihlangene futhi ziqinile. Amaphrojekthi amaningi asebenzisa i-welding yesitolo nge-bolting yesayithi ukulinganisa ikhwalithi nesivinini.
Insimbi engashi ayivimbeli umlilo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Izakhiwo zensimbi zehla cishe ku-300°C kuya ku-400°C, futhi amalungu angavikelekile angalahlekelwa amandla awo amaningi okuthwala eduze kuka-600°C. Ukwakhiwa kohlobo loku-1 olukwazi ukumelana nomlilo ngokuvamile kufuna ukumelana nomlilo okude kumabhilidi amade noma anobungozi obukhulu. Ukwakhiwa okungashi kohlobo 2 kuvamile ezindaweni eziningi zokugcina impahla, ezimbonini, nasezakhiweni zensimbi ezithengiswayo, kodwa kusadinga izilinganiso ezichazwe ngekhodi.
Izinketho zokuvikela umlilo ezingenasici zihlanganisa okokufaka okukhazimulayo, izinto ezikwazi ukumelana nomlilo ezifafaziwe, indawo evalekile yebhodi, indawo yokubeka ukhonkolo, amasistimu ensimbi-ukhonkolo ayinhlanganisela, ukuvala okulinganiselwe umlilo, kanye nendawo yokuhlala. Izilinganiso zebhajethi kufanele zisho isilinganiso, isistimu yomkhiqizo, ukulungiswa kwendawo, indlela yokuhlola, ukulungisa umonakalo, kanye nesibopho sohwebo.
Idizayini yokugqwala kufanele ilandele ukuchayeka. Izakhiwo ezomile zasendlini zihlukile ezitshalweni zezimboni ezinomswakama, izindawo eziwasha ukudla, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezingasogwini, amamojula asogwini, kanye nezinsiza zamakhemikhali. Izigaba ze-ISO 12944 zihlinzeka ngolimi oluwusizo: i-C3 yokuchayeka ezimbonini noma emadolobheni okumaphakathi, i-C4 yokuchayeka embonini noma ogwini, kanye ne-C5 noma i-C5-M yokuchayeka okuphakeme kakhulu kwezimboni noma olwandle. Amasistimu kapende, i-hot-dip galvanizing, amasistimu we-duplex, insimbi yesimo sezulu, kanye nemininingwane engagqwali kufanele kuqhathaniswe nokuphila kwedizayini nokufinyelela kokulungisa.
Ukwehluleka okuningi kwesakhiwo sensimbi kuwukwehluleka kwemvilophu noma ukusebenziseka, hhayi ukwehluleka okuyinhloko kohlaka. Ukuqhubeka kokufakwa kwe-insulation, izivimbelo zomhwamuko, amakhefu ashisayo, ukungangeni komoya, izendlalelo ze-acoustic, ukungena komoya ophahleni, ukugeleza kwamanzi, nokulawula ukufingqa kudinga ukunakwa okufanayo nokulinganisa kwamalungu. Amahhovisi, izibhedlela, amalebhu, ama-mezzanines, nezinkundla zemishini nazo zidinga ukuhlolwa kokudlidliza.
Amafreyimu ensimbi asancike ezisekelweni ezinembile. Indawo yebhawodi yehange, usayizi wepuleti lesisekelo, igrout, ukushuba kwebhawodi yokubamba phansi, umthamo wenhlabathi, ukubekezelela indawo yokuhlala, amajoyinti okunweba, nokuqondanisa komgwaqo we-crane kufanele kuhlolwe ngaphambi kokulethwa. Amahange alahlekele angabambezela ukumisa futhi adinge ukulungiswa okugunyazwe unjiniyela.
Amathuluzi edijithali afana ne-Tekla, i-SAP2000, i-ETABS, i-Revit coordination, imodeli yokwenziwa, ukutholwa kokushayisana, nemidwebo yezitolo exhunywe ku-CNC athuthukisa imiphumela uma eboshelwe kumthwalo wemfanelo, ukubekezelelana, ukulawula ukubukeza, nezinqubo zoshintsho ezigunyaziwe.
Isisekelo sokuklama: qinisekisa ukusetshenziswa, ukuhlala, isigaba somlilo, isigaba sokuchayeka, isisekelo sekhodi, izidingo zomshwalense, ububanzi, ubude, imithwalo, nezinhlelo zokunwetshwa.
Ubunjiniyela nokumodela: ukuhlaziywa okuphelele komthwalo, usayizi welungu, ukuhlola ukusimama kwezinhlangothi, ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle, ukwakheka kokuxhumeka, nokuxhumana kwe-MEP.
Ukwenziwa kwefekthri: thola impahla eqinisekisiwe, lungisa izindawo, ukusika, ukubhola, ukushisela, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlola, ijazi, ilebula, kanye nephakheji ngokulandelana kokumiswa.
Ukulungiswa kwesisekelo: faka izisekelo, ama-piles, ama-slabs, ama-anchor bolt, noma amapuleti afakwe ngaphakathi, bese uhlola izindawo nokuphakama ngaphambi kokufika kwensimbi.
Ukumiswa kwesayithi: faka amakholomu, amapulangwe, imishayo, i-bracing yesikhashana, i-bracing unomphela, ama-purlins, amagithi, imishayo ye-crane, amapulatifomu, izitebhisi, nezisekelo zesevisi.
Imvilophu kanye nokuhanjiswa: ukuvala okuphelele, ukufakwa kwe-insulation, izithiyo zomhwamuko, ukukhanya, i-MEP, izifafaza, ukuvikela umlilo, ukuhlolwa kokugcina, imidwebo eyakhiwe, namarekhodi okugcina.
Amarekhodi ekhwalithi kufanele afake izitifiketi zokugaya, imibhalo ye-WPS/PQR, iziqu ze-welder, imibiko ye-NDT lapho kudingeka khona, ukuhlolwa kwe-dimensional, imibiko yokuqina kwefilimu eyomile, izitifiketi ze-galvanizing, izitifiketi zebhawodi, izingodo ze-torque, namarekhodi okulungisa ukumboza.
Izindleko zasekuqaleni zincike kubude be-span, ubude be-eve, i-tonnage, ibanga lensimbi, ukulayishwa kwe-crane, ukubalwa kwephansi, amasistimu ophahla nezindonga, ukuvikela umlilo, isigaba sokugqwala, ezokuthutha, inkimbinkimbi yokumiswa, idizayini yesisekelo, nomsebenzi wasendaweni. Izikhala ezinkulu ezicacile nama-eave aphezulu angakhuphula amathoni ngokushesha kunokuba kusikisela indawo yaphansi. Ama-Cranes asuka kumathani ayi-10 kuye kwangama-50 angashintsha amafreyimu amakhulu, imishayo yezindiza, i-bracing, nezisekelo.
Ububanzi bento yomugqa bubalulekile. Ukuvikela umlilo, okokugqoka, ama-mezzanines, imishayo ye-crane, ukuvala, ukuvala izinto, ama-gutters, izicabha, amabhawodi okunamathiselwe kwihange, izinto zokumisa, ukuhlolwa kwebhawodi, ukulungisa ukumboza, kanye neziqinisekiso ngokuvamile azifakwa ezilinganisweni eziphansi zesihloko.
| Ireferensi yemakethe | Ibanga eliqondisayo | Sebenzisa ngokuqapha ngoba |
I-Southeast Asia imboni ekhanyayo noma indawo yokugcina impahla |
Cishe i-USD 180-320/m² |
Umoya, okokugqoka, isilinganiso somlilo, nemvilophu kungashintsha izindleko |
I-Southeast Asia yezimboni ezinzima |
Cishe i-USD 450-750/m² |
Imithwalo yenqubo, ama-cranes, kanye nobubanzi bokuvikela kuyahluka kakhulu |
I-Australia ilula yezimboni noma ishede |
Cishe i-AUD 350-550/m² |
Umsebenzi, izidingo zekhodi, kanye nempahla yizinto eziguquguqukayo ezinkulu |
I-Australia yakha ukunikezwa kwensimbi |
Cishe i-AUD 2,300-2,800/tonne |
Ukugqoka, amabhawudi, ukulethwa, nokumiswa kungase kukhishwe |
Amabhentshimakhi kufanele enziwe abejwayelekile ngobukhulu, imithwalo, izinga lensimbi, isistimu yokumboza, isilinganiso somlilo, imvilophu, amafawundeshini, ububanzi bokumiswa, iziqinisekiso, nokungafakwa.
Insimbi ingashesha ngo-40% kuya ku-60% kunezinye izindlela ezikhonkolo ezifanele lapho ukwakhiwa ngaphandle kwesayithi, idizayini iqina ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukulungela isisekelo, nokuqondanisa kokufinyelela ekumisweni okucacile. Izakhiwo ezingaphansi kuka-5,000 m² zingathatha izinyanga ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5 kwamanye amamodeli wokulethwa. Amaphrojekthi acishe abe ngu-10,000 kuya ku-20,000 m² angathatha izinyanga ezi-5 kuye kweziyi-8, kuye ngokugunyazwa, ubunzima, ukuthengwa kwempahla, isimo sezulu, kanye nemikhawulo yesayithi.
Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kuvame ukwenzeka njalo eminyakeni engu-1 kuya kwemi-2 ukuze kuhlanganiswe amalunga, ama-coatings, ama-drainage, ama-penetration, ama-bolt, ama-weld, kanye nokuvikela umlilo.
Ukujiya okujulile noma ukulungiswa kabusha kwemvilophu kungenzeka njalo eminyakeni emi-5 ukuya kweyi-10, kuye ngokuchayeka nokusetshenziswa.
Ukuhlolwa konyaka woku-1 kufanele kubuyekeze ukuvuza, ukuqondanisa, ukuthinta phezulu, ukugeleza kwamanzi, namarekhodi ebhawodi lapho kudingeka khona.
Ukubuyekezwa konyaka we-15 kanye nonyaka wama-30 kufanele kuhlole ukuhlanganisa kabusha, ukuvala, amasistimu ophahleni, imithwalo eshintshiwe, amasu elanga, kanye nokwandisa.
Insimbi ingaphinda isekele izinhloso zomnotho eziyindilinga ngokuqukethwe okugaywe kabusha, ukuqaqa okuboshiwe, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe, kanye nokunwetshwa okuguquguqukayo. Amanye amasethi wedatha abeka insimbi ye-EAF eduze kuka-0.4 kuya ku-0.6 tCO₂e ngethani, kuyilapho imizila yesithando somlilo/isisekelo somoya-mpilo ivame ukuhlala eduze kuka-1.8 kuya ku-2.2 tCO₂e ngethani. Izimangalo kufanele zisekelwe Izimemezelo Zomkhiqizo Wendawo, izitifiketi zokugaya, amarekhodi okuqukethwe okugaywe kabusha, nokuqagela kwezokuthutha okusobala.
Imifuziselo engaphelele eshiya imithwalo ye-crane, ama-mezzanine azayo, amasevisi ophahla, imithwalo yelanga, ukuvuleka kwemishini, noma izidingo zokunweba
Isilinganiso somlilo esingachazwanga, isigaba sokugqwala, ithagethi ye-acoustic, isilawuli sokufingqa, umkhawulo wokudlidliza, noma impilo yedizayini
Ukukhetha okungalungile kwesistimu, okufana nefreyimu yegeji ekhanyayo yezakhiwo ezisindayo eziyinhloko
Amaphutha okwenziwa komgunyathi abandakanya ikhwalithi yokushisela, ukuqondanisa kwembobo, ukulandeleka kwebanga lensimbi, ukubekezelelana kobukhulu, noma ukujiya kwezimbobo
Izinkinga zesayithi ezibandakanya ukungahambi kahle kwebhawodi lehange, ukungaqini kahle kwesikhashana, ukufinyelela okubuthakathaka kwe-crane, imikhawulo yesimo sezulu, noma ukulethwa ngaphandle kokulandelana
Izikhala zezentengiselwano lapho izingcaphuno zingabandakanyi ukuvikela umlilo, ama-coatings, amafawundeshini, ukumiswa, ukuvala, izicabha, ama-gutters, ezokuthutha, noma iziqinisekiso
Amafekthri anesitezi esisodwa kanye namashabhu kufanele aqhathanise ifremu yephothali kanye nezinhlelo ezakhelwe ngaphambili kuqala. Ukubuyekeza kufanele kuhlole ubude besikhathi, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-crane, ubude be-eave, isikhala se-bay, iminyango, imizila ye-forklift, imithwalo yophahla, isilawuli sokufingqa, ama-coatings, ama-anchor bolt, nokunwetshwa okuzayo.
Amaphrojekthi anezitezi eziningi kanye nemibhoshongo kufanele aqhathanise amasu e-beam-column, braced, moment, composite, kanye ne-hybrid. Isinqumo kufanele sihlole isu lomlilo, isistimu yephansi, ukuzinza kwezinhlangothi, ukudlidliza, ama-acoustics, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-facade, ukungena kwe-MEP, i-craneage, namandla okuhlola.
Izindawo zokuhweba ezivulekile ezinkulu kakhulu kufanele ziqhathanise ama-trusses, amafreyimu omkhathi, amagridi, amakhothamo, amagobolondo, amasistimu asekelwe ikhebula, kanye nama-hybrids. Ubunkimbinkimbi be-node, ukuthuthwa kwamamojula, imisebenzi yesikhashana, ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukunakekelwa kwe-acoustic, ukumbozwa kwensimbi eveziwe, nokufinyelela ophahleni kufanele kube nenani ngaphambi komklomelo.
Iziza ezigqwalile, ezishisayo, ezisogwini, ezihlanzekile, noma ezilawulwayo kufanele zishintshe ukuhlolwa ziye kuma-coatings, ama-galvanizing, ukuvikela umlilo, ukufinyelela kokuhlola, ukulawula umhwamuko, imininingwane yokuwasha, ingozi yesikhathi sokuphumula, kanye nezikhawu zokulungisa. I-tonnage ephansi iyodwa ayiyona imethrikhi yesinqumo ethembekile.
Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kusebenza kahle kakhulu lapho isivinini, ubude besikhathi, umthwalo ongasekho, ukuguquguquka okunwebekayo, nokwakhiwa okubikezelwayo kuyizinto eziza kuqala ebhizinisini. Isinqumo esilandelayo kufanele silawulwe ukusebenza, ukucaca kobubanzi, nobungozi bomjikelezo wokuphila.
Chaza kafushane ukusebenza, isisekelo sekhodi, isilinganiso somlilo, isigaba sokuchayeka, imithwalo, nohlelo lokunweba.
Faka ohlwini olufushane izinhlelo ezimbili noma ezintathu zesakhiwo ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa abathengisi.
Cela izingcaphuno usebenzisa ukuqagela okufanayo kwe-span, ubude, ibanga, ama-coatings, ukuvikela umlilo, imvilophu, izisekelo, nokumiswa.
Buyekeza isibopho sikanjiniyela, amarekhodi e-QA, isu lokuxhuma, imisebenzi yesikhashana, nezimfuneko zokuhlola ngaphambi kokukhishwa kokwenziwa.
Qinisekisa uhlelo lokulungisa ama-coatings, ukudonsa amanzi, ukuvikela umlilo, ukungena ophahleni, nokulungiswa kwesikhathi esizayo.
IMP: Izinhlobo eziyinhloko amafreyimu ephothali, amafreyimu ekholomu, ama-trusses, amafreyimu esikhala noma amagridi, ama-arches, amagobolondo noma izakhiwo zamapuleti, amasistimu asekelwa ikhebula, amasistimu enziwe ngaphambilini noma e-PEB, ama-hybrids, namasistimu okulinganisa ukukhanya. Uhlobo olulungile luncike ubude, ubude, isibalo sephansi, iphethini yokulayisha, ukuchayeka, isilinganiso somlilo, nezidingo zokunwetshwa zesikhathi esizayo.
IMP: Ngokuvamile kuba ngcono uma isakhiwo siphindaphinda, ishejuli iqinile, futhi izinguquko zedizayini zingamiswa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ayifaneleki lapho i-geometry engajwayelekile, imithwalo yamaphuzu esindayo, ukwenza ngokwezifiso sekwephuzile, noma umthwalo wekhodi ongacacile ungaphazamisa ukwenziwa nokumiswa.
A: Izakhiwo eziningi zozimele zephothali zisebenza kahle kakhulu kumamitha angama-25 kuye kwangama-35. Ububanzi bezomnotho buvame ukusuka kumamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-50. I-spans ebanzi ingasebenza, kodwa ngokuvamile ikhulisa amathani, ukujula kwe-haunch, ubunzima bokuxhumeka, imikhawulo yezokuthutha, nezindleko zokumisa.
IMP: Izindleko ziyahlukahluka ngesifunda, ubude besikhathi, ubude, izinga lensimbi, imithwalo ye-crane, ukuvikela umlilo, isigaba sokugqwala, imvilophu, izisekelo, ezokuthutha, nobubanzi bokumiswa. Amabhentshimakhi aqondisayo asiza ukwenza isabelomali sangaphambi kwesikhathi, kodwa ukuqhathanisa okuthembekile kudinga ishejuli yomthwalo efanayo, isisekelo sekhodi, isistimu yokumboza, ukulinganisa, nokungafakwa.
A: Ngezinye izikhathi. Insimbi ivamise ukuwina uma isivinini, ububanzi obude, izisekelo ezilula, kanye noshintsho oluzayo lubalulekile. Ukhonkolo ungawina lapho ukumelana nomlilo okungokwemvelo, isisindo somsindo wezwi, isisindo sokushisa, noma izinzuzo zasendaweni zabasebenzi zibusa. Ukuqhathanisa okungcono yizindleko ezifakiwe eziphelele kanye nokulungiswa komjikelezo wokuphila.
A: Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kuvame ukudingeka njalo ngonyaka o-1 kuya kwemi-2. Kungase kudingeke ukunakwa kabusha okukhulu noma ukulungisa kabusha njalo ngemva kweminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweyi-10, kuye ngokuchayeka nokusetshenziswa. Ugu, amakhemikhali, indawo yokuwashwa, indawo yokupaka, nezindawo zasolwandle ngokuvamile zidinga izinhlelo zokuhlola eziqinile.
IMP: Yebo, uma yenziwe ngekhodi elawulayo futhi ivikelwe isistimu yomlilo edingekayo. Insimbi ayishi, kodwa amandla nokuqina kuyehla emazingeni okushisa aphakeme. Amaphrojekthi aphakeme kakhulu adinga ukuzinza kwe-lateral, ukulawula ukudlidliza, uxhumano lwe-QA, ukuhlolwa kokuvikela umlilo, kanye nokulandelana kokumiswa okuhleliwe.
