Gabatarwa

Don ayyukan ƙarfe na tsarin ƙasa na ƙasa, bin ƙa'idodi ɗaya ne daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke shafar farashi, jadawalin samarwa, sarrafa inganci, da karɓar aikin ƙarshe..

Kasashe da yankuna daban-daban suna amfani da tsarin ƙira da ƙira daban-daban. Waɗannan bambance-bambance ba su iyakance ga lissafin tsari ba. Hakanan za su iya shafar tsarin masana'anta gaba ɗaya, gami da:

• Zaɓin kayan abu

• Hanyoyin walda

• Haɗin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi

• Jurewar girma

• Lalata da kariyar wuta

• Kula da inganci da takaddun shaida

Ga masana'antun tsarin ƙarfe waɗanda ke hidimar ayyukan ƙasashen waje, fahimtar ƙa'idar mulki kafin fara samarwa yana da mahimmanci.

Wannan labarin yana ba da kwatanci mai amfani na tsarin daidaitattun tsarin ƙarfe bakwai da aka saba ci karo da su:

China GB, US AISC/AWS, European Eurocode/EN, British BS, Australian AS/NZS, Saudi SBC, da JIS na Japan.

Lura: Haƙiƙanin buƙatu na iya bambanta dangane da ƙayyadaddun aikin, aji kisa, ƙimar ƙarfe, kauri memba, yanayin lodi, ƙa'idodin gida, da buƙatun abokin ciniki. Takaddun aikin gudanarwa yakamata su kasance a gaba.

---

1. Bayyani na Manyan Tsarukan Ƙarfe Bakwai

Kafin kwatanta buƙatun ƙirƙira, yana da amfani a fahimci gabaɗayan matsayi na kowane tsarin.

China GB

Ma'auni da aka fi ambata sun haɗa da:

• GB 50017

• GB 50205

• JJJ 81

Ana amfani da tsarin kasar Sin sosai don gine-ginen masana'antu, gine-ginen kasuwanci, kayayyakin more rayuwa, dakunan ajiya, wuraren tarurruka, da sauran ayyukan karafa na kasar Sin.

Ƙirƙirar sa da buƙatun karɓa suna rufe binciken kayan aiki, walda, jure juzu'i, haɗin da aka kulle, jiyya a saman, da ingancin shigarwa.

---

Amurka - AISC / AWS / ASTM

Yawancin ayyukan ƙarfe na tsarin Amurka na iya haɗawa da:

• AISC tsarin karfe bukatun

• ASTM bayani dalla-dalla

• AWS D1.1 bukatun walda

• Abubuwan buƙatun RCSC don haɗin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi

Ana amfani da tsarin Amurka sosai a Arewacin Amurka kuma ana keɓance shi akai-akai don masana'antu na ƙasa da ƙasa, abubuwan more rayuwa, mai & iskar gas, da ayyukan EPC.

Ayyukan tushen AISC suna ba da ƙarfi sosai akan:

• Abun ganowa

• Welding hanya cancantar

• Ƙarfin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi

• Haƙurin ƙira

• Takardun dubawa

---

Turai - Eurocode / EN Standards

Ayyukan Turai galibi suna haɗawa:

• Eurocode 3 don ƙirar ƙarfe na tsari

• EN 1090 don aiwatarwa da ƙirƙira

• TS EN 10025 don kayan aikin ƙarfe na tsarin

• Matsayin walda na ISO/EN

Ƙirƙirar ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin EN 1090 yawanci ana rarraba su ta Class Execution , kamar:

• EXC1

• EXC2

• EXC3

• EXC4

Manyan azuzuwan kisa gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙirƙira ƙirƙira, walda, dubawa, da sarrafa takardu.

---

Matsayin Biritaniya - BS

Ayyukan Biritaniya na iya yin la'akari da matsayin BS ko BS EN dangane da ƙayyadaddun aikin.

Abubuwan buƙatun tsarin ƙarfe na al'ada na Birtaniyya an san su don cikakkun bayanai waɗanda ke rufewa:

• Kera

• Walda

• Dubawa

• Matsakaicin daidaito

• Kariyar saman

Ana kuma ci karo da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tushen Biritaniya a cikin wasu ayyukan Commonwealth da na ƙasa da ƙasa.

---

Ostiraliya da New Zealand - AS/NZS

Ma'auni gama gari sun haɗa da:

• AS/NZS 3678

• AS/NZS 3679

• AS/NZS 5131

• AS/NZS 1554

• AS/NZS 1252

Ayyukan ƙarfe na Australiya yawanci suna ba da fifiko sosai akan:

• Ikon walda

• Abun ganowa

• Dubawa

• Tsarin sutura

• Dorewar muhalli

• Takaddun ƙira

Waɗannan buƙatun suna da mahimmanci musamman don abubuwan more rayuwa, ma'adinai, masana'antu da ayyukan bakin teku.

---

Saudi Arabia — SBC

Abubuwan buƙatun Code Building na Saudiyya ana haɗe su tare da ƙa'idodi na duniya kamar ASTM, AISC, AWS, ko ƙayyadaddun ayyukan da suka dace.

Don ayyuka a Saudi Arabia da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana buƙatar ƙarin kulawa don:

• Babban yanayin zafi

• Ƙarfin hasken UV

• Yanayin hamada

• Bayyanar gishiri

• Lalacewar bakin teku

• Iska da yashi

Don haka tsarin kayan aiki da sutura suna buƙatar daidaitawa da yanayin muhalli na gida.

---

Japan - JIS

Ayyukan ƙarfe na tsarin Jafananci galibi suna amfani da kayan JIS da ƙa'idodin ƙirƙira.

Ayyukan tushen JIS sukan jaddada:

• Matsakaicin daidaito

• Ingancin walda

• Daidaitaccen abu

• Ayyukan Seismic

• Tauri

• Cikakken sarrafa ingancin masana'anta

Hakanan ana yawan ci karo da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Jafananci a cikin ayyukan masana'antu da Jafananci suka saka a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

---

2. Zaɓin Kayan Abu: Makin Karfe, Haƙuri da Ganowa

Sarrafa kayan aiki shine ginshiƙi na ƙirar ƙarfe na tsari.

Tsarin daban-daban suna amfani da ma'aunin ƙarfe daban-daban da buƙatun takaddun shaida.

---

Maɓalli Maɓallin Sarrafa Material

Takaddun shaida na kayan aiki

Ayyukan kasa da kasa yawanci suna buƙatar kayan ƙarfe don a iya gano su zuwa:

• Karfe niƙa

• Lambar zafi

• Lambar tsari

• Matsayin kayan abu

• Alamar faranti ko sashe

Ya kamata tsarin bin diddigin ya kasance cikin inganci yayin:

Karbar → Yanke → Kera → Welding → Dubawa → Kawowa

---

Abubuwan Bukatun Tauri

Dangane da:

• Karfe daraja

• Kauri

• Yanayin sabis

• Muhimmancin tsari

• Abubuwan buƙatun girgizar ƙasa

ayyuka na iya ƙayyadaddun gwajin tasirin Charpy ko wasu buƙatun tauri.

Ƙananan zafin jiki da sifofi masu ɗorewa suna buƙatar ƙarin tabbaci taurin abu.

---

Ta hanyar-Kauri Properties

Don faranti mai kauri ko ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun mahaɗar welded, ƙayyadaddun aikin na iya buƙatar kaddarorin kauri don rage haɗarin tsagewar lamellar.

Irin waɗannan buƙatun yakamata a tabbatar da su kafin siyan albarkatun ƙasa.

---

3. Bukatun walda

Welding yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan ƙirƙira na ƙarfe na tsari.

Ka'idodin ƙasashen duniya gabaɗaya suna sarrafa yankuna uku:

Cancantar Welder + Tsarin walda + Binciken Weld

---

3.1 Cancantar Welder

Tsarukan cancanta na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da:

Welders ya kamata su cancanci don dacewa:

• Tsarin walda

• Matsayin walda

• Ƙungiyar kayan aiki

• Kaurin faranti

• Tsarin haɗin gwiwa

kafin a fara samarwa.

---

3.2 WPS da PQR

Ƙayyadaddun Tsarin Welding (WPS) yana bayyana yadda ya kamata a samar da walda.

Matsaloli na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:

• Tsarin walda

• Electrode ko waya

• Garkuwar iskar gas

• A halin yanzu

• Wutar lantarki

• Gudun tafiya

• Shigar da zafi

• Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa

• Yi zafi

• Yanayin tsaka-tsaki

Inda ake buƙata, WPS ya kamata a goyi bayan Rikodin Cancantar Tsarin (PQR) ko makamancin shaidar cancanta.

Ma'auni daban-daban suna amfani da tsarin cancanta daban-daban, amma ainihin manufar ita ce:

Don nuna cewa tsarin walda da aka tsara zai iya samar da ingantaccen walda mai karɓuwa.

---

3.3 Preheating

Ba za a kula da zafin zafin da ake buƙata ba azaman ƙayyadaddun ƙima ɗaya ga kowane ma'aunin ƙarfe.

Yawanci ya dogara da abubuwa kamar:

• Karfe daraja

• Carbon daidai

• Kaurin abu

• Matsayin hydrogen

• Shigar da zafi

• Kamewa

• Yanayin yanayi

Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da kauri na faranti gabaɗaya na buƙatar kulawa mai girma ga preheat da sarrafa zafin jiki na tsaka-tsaki.

Don ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa, don haka ya kamata a ƙayyade buƙatun zafin zafi daga ma'aunin walda, ƙwararrun WPS, da ƙayyadaddun aikin.

---

3.4 Gwajin mara lalacewa - NDT

Hanyoyin NDT gama gari sun haɗa da:

• Gwajin gani - VT

• Gwajin Ultrasonic - UT

• Gwajin rediyo - RT

• Gwajin Kwayoyin Magnetic - MT

• Gwajin Penetrant - PT

Girman dubawa ya dogara da:

• Nau'in walda

• Muhimmancin tsari

• Ajin kisa

• Yanayin lodawa

• Bukatun gajiya

• Bayanin aikin

Cikakkun weld ɗin shiga da mahimman hanyoyin haɗin ginin gabaɗaya suna buƙatar babban matakin dubawa fiye da na yau da kullun na fillet.

---

4. Haɗin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfi

Ana amfani da ƙwanƙwasa masu ƙarfi sosai don haɓakar wurin da manyan haɗin ginin.

Ma'auni daban-daban na iya ƙayyadadden tsarin bolt daban-daban, gami da:

• Matsayin Mallaka 8.8

• Matsayin Mallaka 10.9

• ASTM babban ƙarfi tsarin kusoshi

• EN babban-ƙarfi gunkin taro

• AS/NZS tsarin kwalliya

• JIS babban ƙarfin kusoshi

---

Babban Abubuwan Kulawa

Ko da madaidaicin tsarin, mahimman abubuwan sarrafa bolt sun haɗa da:

Bolt Identification

Ya kamata a iya gane darajar kusoshi, masana'anta da tsari.

Adana

Ya kamata a kiyaye bolts daga:

• Danshi

• Lalacewa

• Lalacewar zaren

• Lalata

Hanyar shigarwa

Hanyoyi masu yiwuwa sun haɗa da:

• Sarrafa karfin wuta

• Juya-na-goro

• Ƙunƙarar tashin hankali

• Manufofin tashin hankali kai tsaye

• Sauran hanyoyin riya da aka yarda

Slip-Mahimman Haɗin Kai

Inda ake buƙatar juriya na zamewa, ya kamata a ba da kulawa ta musamman ga:

• Faying yanayin yanayin

• Maganin saman

• Slip coefficient

• Bolt pretension

---

5. Daidaiton Girman Girma da Majalisar Gwaji

Daidaiton ƙira yana shafar haɓakar haɓaka kai tsaye.

Girman da aka saba sarrafawa sun haɗa da:

• Tsawon memba

• Tsayin ginshiƙi

• Tsawon katako

• Wurin rami

• Matsayin ƙarshen farantin

• Girman diagonal

• Madaidaici

• Kambar

• Karkatawa

• Haɗin lissafi

---

Me Yasa Majalisar Shari'a Ke Da Muhimmanci

Don hadadden tsarin tsari, taron gwaji na masana'anta na iya taimakawa tabbatarwa:

• Daidaita haɗin kai

• Daidaita ramin Bolt

• Geometry na memba

• Jerin shigarwa

• Girman mu'amala

Haɗin gwaji yana da mahimmanci musamman ga:

• Complex trusses

• Manyan-tsari

• Tsarin masana'antu masu nauyi

• Haɗin mahaɗar girgizar ƙasa

• Rukunin majalisai masu rikitarwa

Ya kamata a tabbatar da iyakar da ake buƙata na taron gwaji daga ƙayyadaddun aiwatarwa da ƙayyadaddun aikin.

---

6. Kariyar Lalacewa

Kariyar lalata ta dogara sosai akan bayyanar muhalli.

Tsarin sutura wanda ya dace da busasshen rumbun ajiya na cikin gida bazai dace da:

• Gine-ginen bakin teku

• Sinadarai shuke-shuke

• Mahalli na ruwa

• Babban-danshi ayyuka na wurare masu zafi

• Wuraren masana'antu na hamada

---

Shirye-shiryen Sama

Abrasive fashewar tsaftacewa zuwa kusan Sa 2½ an keɓe shi don yawancin tsarin suturar masana'antu.

Hakanan za'a iya amfani da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da suka dace da ƙasa dangane da ma'aunin gudanarwa da masana'anta.

Ya kamata a bincika saman da aka shirya don:

• Tsafta

• Kura

• Gurbacewar mai

• Bayanan martaba

• Tsatsa

• Ragowar abrasive

---

Tsarin Rufewa

Tsarukan kariya na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da:

Zinc-Rich Primer
↓
Epoxy Intermediate Coat
↓
Polyurethane / Sauran Gama Coat

Ya kamata a ƙayyade kaurin fim ɗin busasshen da ake buƙata bisa ga:

• Nau'in lalata

• Zane sabis rayuwa

• Mai yin sutura

• Bayanin aikin

• Bayyanar muhalli na gida

Ana buƙatar yawan kauri mai girma mafi girma don wurare masu tsanani.

---

Ayyukan Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya

Ayyukan da aka fallasa zuwa:

• Gishiri fesa

• Babban yanayin zafi

• UV radiation

• Yashi

• Babban zafi

yawanci yana buƙatar ingantaccen tsarin kariya na lalata.

Ya kamata kuma a yi la'akari da maɗaurai, gutters, walƙiya da ƙarfe na biyu - ba kawai manyan membobin tsarin ba.

---

7. Kariyar Wuta

Ƙarfe na tsari yana rasa ƙarfi yayin da zafin jiki ya karu.

Dangane da dokokin gini, tsarin karfe na iya buƙatar:

• Intumescent shafi

• Siminti mai hana wuta

• Alloli masu jure wuta

• Kankare encasement

• Sauran gwajin tsarin kariya na wuta

Tsarin gwajin juriya na gobara gama gari na duniya na iya haɗawa da takamaiman buƙatun aiki bisa:

• ASTM

• EN

• BS

• AS

• JIS

Ana ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙimar juriya na wuta bisa ga tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata, kamar:

• awa 1

• awa 2

• 3 hours

• ko wasu takamaiman ƙimar aikin

Ya kamata a zaɓi tsarin da ake buƙata bisa ga tsarin ginin mulki da lambar wuta.

---

8. Quality Control da Takardu

Don ayyukan tsarin ƙarfe na ƙasashen waje, ingancin masana'anta kadai bai isa ba.

Takaddun bayanai wani yanki ne na samfurin.

Cikakken bayanin inganci na iya haɗawa da:

Takardun Material

• Takaddun Gwajin Mill

• Rukunin lambar zafi

• Rahoton gano abubuwan abu

Takardun walda

• WPS

• PQR

• Takaddun cancantar welder

• Welding bayanai masu amfani

• Rikodi kafin zafi a inda ake buƙata

Takardun dubawa

• Rahoton dubawa na gani

• Rahoton UT

• MT ya ruwaito

• RT yayi rahoton inda ake buƙata

• Bayanan dubawa mai girma

Takardun Bolting

• Takaddun shaida na Bolt

• Rubutun shigarwa na Bolt

• Rikodin daidaitawa idan an zartar

Takardun Rufi

• Binciken shirye-shiryen saman

• Rikodin tsari na fenti

• Busassun kauri rahotanni

• Bayanan yanayin muhalli

Takardun Ƙarshe

• Dubawa da Tsarin Gwaji

• Rahoton juzu'i na ƙarshe

• Jerin kaya

• Takaddun shaida idan an zartar

• Rahoton dubawa na ɓangare na uku

---

9. Mabuɗin Bambanci Tsakanin Manyan Tsarin Tsarin Mulki

Ta fuskar ƙirƙira-sarrafawa, za a iya taƙaita bambance-bambance mafi mahimmanci kamar haka.

Ayyukan Amurka

Yawanci sanya karfi mai ƙarfi akan:

• ASTM kayan yarda

• AWS waldi

• Ƙarfin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi

• Tsarukan ingancin ƙira

• Takardun binciken da za a iya ganowa

---

Ayyukan Turai

Yawanci jaddada:

• EN 1090 Bukatun aiwatarwa

• Ajin Kisa

• Kula da Masana'antu

• Daidaiton walda

• Takaddun shaida masu alaƙa da CE idan an zartar

---

Ayyukan Australiya

Yawancin lokaci yana buƙatar sarrafawa mai ƙarfi musamman akan:

• Walda

• Abun ganowa

• Dubawa

• Rufi karko

• Takaddun bayanai

---

Ayyukan Saudiyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya

Baya ga yarda da tsari, ana iya buƙatar kulawa ta musamman don:

• Babban yanayin zafi

• Bayyanar UV

• Gishiri na bakin teku

• Yashi

• Kariyar lalata

• Ƙimar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ayyuka

---

Ayyukan Jafananci

Sau da yawa jaddada:

• Matsakaicin daidaito

• Ingancin walda

• Daidaitaccen abu

• Ingancin ƙirƙira mai alaƙa da girgizar ƙasa

• Cikakken bayanan dubawa

---

10. Yadda Masu Kera Karfe Ya Kamata Su Sarrafa Ayyuka Masu Ma'auni

Don aikin tsarin ƙarfe na ketare, yakamata a tabbatar da ma'aunin masana'anta kafin zance da siyan kayan danye.

Tsarin aiki mai amfani shine:

Mataki na 1 - Tabbatar Matsayin Mulki
↓
Mataki na 2 - Bitar Zane da Ƙayyadaddun Ayyuka
↓
Mataki na 3 - Tabbatar da Makin Material
↓ Mataki na 4
8
da
-
Mataki na 9 -
Bukatun Welding
na
↓
-
Shirya Bincike & Tsarin Gwaji
↓ Mataki
Cikakkun Masana'antu da Dubawa
10
- Shirya Takardun Ingancin Ƙarshe

Wannan tsari yana taimakawa ragewa:

• Hadarin maye gurbin kayan abu

• Cancantar walda

• Jinkirin samarwa

• Sake yin aiki

• Kin amincewa da dubawa

• Takaddun bayanai

• Matsalolin shigarwar yanar gizo

---

Kammalawa

Babban ƙalubalen ƙirƙira ƙirar ƙarfe na duniya ba kawai samar da abubuwan ƙarfe ba ne.

Yana samar da su bisa ga daidaitaccen ma'aunin aikin, ƙayyadaddun ƙirƙira, buƙatun dubawa, da tsarin tattara bayanai.

Manyan wuraren da ya kamata a tabbatar kafin samarwa sun hada da:

Material maki → Welding → Ƙarfin Ƙarfi → Hakurin Hakuri → Kariyar Lalacewa → Kariyar Wuta → Takardun Inganci

Ga masana'antun da ke kula da kasuwannin ketare da yawa, ikon daidaita hanyoyin samarwa zuwa ma'auni daban-daban muhimmin sashi ne na iya isar da ayyukan.

ZSJH STEEL yana ba da ƙirƙira ƙirar ƙarfe na musamman don ayyukan masana'antu da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje, tallafawa nazarin zane, haɗin gwiwar injiniya, masana'antu, walda, dubawa mai inganci, jiyya na ƙasa, marufi, fitarwa, da jagorar shigarwa.

Aika Zane-zanenku & Matsayin Ayyukan don Binciken Kera