Izidingo Zomklamo, Amazinga Esakhiwo kanye Nokucatshangelwa Kobunjiniyela

Izakhiwo zefreyimu yensimbi ekhanyayo zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumaworkshops ezimboni, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, izikhungo zempahla, izakhiwo zezolimo, nezindawo zezentengiselwano ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esingasindi, ukufakwa okusheshayo, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko, nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokuzamazama komhlaba.

Isakhiwo sensimbi yozimele wephothali esijwayelekile siqukethe izingxenye zesakhiwo eziyinhloko ezifaka amakholomu ensimbi acijile, amapulangwe acijile, imishayo yensimbi, amasistimu okubracing, ama-purlins, amagithi odonga, namasistimu okuhlanganisa insimbi. Idizayini efanele yesakhiwo ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha, ukuqina, nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside.

1. Amafomu Esakhiwo kanye Nezidingo Zobukhulu

Amabhilidi ozimele wephothali yensimbi elula ngokuvamile amukela:

• Izakhiwo ezinesitezi esisodwa

• Izakhiwo ze-single-span noma ezi-multi-span

• Umthambeka okabili, imiklamo yophahla olulodwa, noma enemithambeka eminingi

Umthambeka ovamile wophahla ungaphansi kuka-10°, futhi izinhlelo zokufulela ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amashidi ensimbi anephrofayili noma amaphaneli ensimbi afakwe intuba.

Amapharamitha Womklamo Ojwayelekile

Indawo Yokwakha:

• Ibanga lespan elijwayelekile: 9m–36m

• Izakhiwo ezibanzi zingafinyelela cishe ku-72m kuye ngezidingo zephrojekthi

Ukuphakama Kwesakhiwo:

• Ngokuvamile ≤12m

• Ubude obunconyiwe obukhulu: 18m

Isikhala Sekholomu:
Isikhala sekholomu evamile:

• 6m

• 7.5m

• 9m

Ubukhulu bozimele bephothali ejwayelekile

Amafreyimu wephothali we-span eyodwa

• Ukujula kwe-Hanch eduze kwekholomu: cishe L/30

• Ubude be-Hanch: 15%–25% yobude be-span

• Ukujula komugqa omaphakathi: cishe ku-L/50–L/60

• Ukujula kobubanzi bewebhu isilinganiso ngokuvamile kulawulwa ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo enengqondo

Multi-span Portal Frames

• Ukujula kwekholomu emaphakathi: cishe i-L/25

• Ubude be-Hanch: cishe L/45–L/55

Ngokusebenza kahle kwezokuthutha, ubude obukhulu bamalungu ensimbi ngamanye ngokuvamile bulawulwa ngaphakathi kwe-12m.

2. I-Scope Esebenzayo Yezakhiwo Zozimele Zephothali Yensimbi Ekhanyayo

Izakhiwo zozimele zensimbi yensimbi ekhanyayo zifaneleka kakhulu:

Izicelo ze-Crane

Isebenza kokuthi:

• Okhrayini abangaphezulu abalula nabaphakathi nendawo (ikilasi le-A1–A5)

• Okhrayini bebhuloho abanamandla okuphakamisa amathani ≤20

• Okhrayini abamisiwe ≤3 amathani

Ngezinyathelo ezikhethekile zobunjiniyela, ama-cranes afinyelela kumathani ama-5 nawo angacatshangelwa.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemvelo

Izakhiwo zozimele zephothali ngokuvamile azinconywa ezindaweni ezine:

• Imidiya yamakhemikhali egqwalayo enamandla

• Izimo ezimbi kakhulu zokugqwala kwezimboni

Emabhilidini ensimbi anezitezi eziningi lapho isitezi esiphezulu samukela izakhiwo zefreyimu yengosi, ukuhlaziya okuphelele kwesakhiwo kanye nomklamo wokuzamazama komhlaba kufanele kwenziwe ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezifanele.

3. Izidingo Zomklamo Wokuzamazama komhlaba

Ngenxa yezici zazo ezingasindi nokucushwa kokukhuphuka okuphansi, izakhiwo zensimbi yozimele wephothali ngokuvamile zibonisa ukusebenza okuhle kokuzamazama komhlaba.

Kodwa-ke, i-seismic design kufanele icabangele:

• Ukwakha isilinganiso se-span-to-height

• Imithwalo ye-Crane

• Ukuqina kokuzamazama kwesifunda

• Izidingo zokuqina kwesakhiwo

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zomklamo Wokuzamazama komhlaba

• Amafreyimu aguquguqukayo nabude kufanele ahlaziywe ngokwehlukana.

• Indlela ye-shear force force engezansi ivamise ukunconywa ekubalweni kokuzamazama komhlaba.

• I-Structural damping ratio ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengo-0.05.

• Izakhiwo ezine-span enkulu kufanele zicabangele imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba eqondile.

Lapho isenzo sokuzamazama komhlaba silawula umklamo, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezengeziwe:

• Khulisa ukwethembeka koxhumano

• Sebenzisa ukuxhumana okuboshiwe lapho kungenzeka khona

• Qinisa izindawo ze-haunch eduze kwamalunga e-rafter-column

• Thuthukisa ukuxhumana kwe-bracing yekholomu

• Qinisekisa ukuthi amabhawodi okusetshenzwa kulengwa ahlangabezana nezidingo zokushuba nokugunda

4. Izidingo Steel Material

Izingxenye ezithwala umthwalo ngokuvamile kufanele zisetshenziswe:

• Insimbi ye-Q235B noma insimbi yezinga eliphezulu

• Insimbi ye-Q345B noma insimbi yezinga eliphezulu

Amalungu esibili ngaphansi kwemithwalo emile angasebenzisa insimbi ye-Q345A lapho kuvunyelwe khona.

Ngokuxhumana kwesakhiwo:

• Amabhawodi aqine kakhulu kufanele ngokuyinhloko asebenzise ukuxhunywa kohlobo lokungqubuzana.

• Amabhawodi anamandla aphezulu ohlobo lwe-Bearing awavamile ukunconywa ngezakhiwo zozimele wephothali.

5. Izidingo Zomthwalo Ohlala Ephahleni

Inani elijwayelekile lokulayisha bukhoma kophahla lilungisiwe:

• Umthwalo ophilayo ophahleni ojwayelekile: 0.5 kN/m²

• Ezindaweni zokulayisha ezingaphezu kuka-60m²: 0.3 kN/m² ingase yamukelwe

Amanani ahlukene omthwalo acatshangelwa ngokuya ngendawo yophahla kanye nezidingo zesakhiwo.

6. Ukucatshangelwa Komthwalo Womoya

Umthwalo womoya uyisici esibalulekile sezakhiwo zensimbi ezilula.

Idizayini kufanele icabangele:

• Ubude besakhiwo

• Isimo sokubiyelwa kwesakhiwo

• Ukusabalalisa kwengcindezi yomoya

• Imithelela yokumunca uphahla nodonga

Izibalo zomthwalo womoya kufanele zihlukanise phakathi:

• Izakhiwo ezivalwe ngokugcwele

• Izakhiwo ezivaleke kancane

• Vula izakhiwo

Kuma-purlins nama-cladding systems, imiphumela yasendaweni yokudonsa umoya, ikakhulukazi emakhoneni nasemaphethelweni, kufanele ithole ukunakwa okukhethekile.

7. Izidingo Zokuqina Kwesakhiwo

Izidingo zokulawula ukubola zihlanganisa:

Ikholomu Ukufuduka Okuphezulu

Imikhawulo ejwayelekile:

• Izakhiwo ezingenawo ama-cranes asebenzisa amaphaneli angasindi odongeni:

• Cishe i-H/60

• Izakhiwo ezinama-cranes amabhuloho:

• Kudingeka ukulawula okuqinile kokugudluza

I-Rafter Deflection

Ozimele bephothali ye-span eyodwa:

• Ukuchezuka kwe-rafter kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo zesakhiwo sokusebenza.

• Izakhiwo ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kwama-30m kufanele zicabangele i-camber yesakhiwo.

Izinguquko zemithambeka ophahleni ezibangelwa ukuwohloka akufanele zidlule ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yomthamo wophahla oklanyelwe.

8. Izidingo Zohlelo Lokuqinisa

Uhlelo lwe-bracing luqinisekisa ukuzinza okuphelele nokuqina kwe-longitudinal.

Izidingo Ezivamile

I-Round Steel Bracing

Isebenza kuphela kumabhilidi angenawo ama-cranes.

Izimfuneko:

• Ububanzi kufanele bunqunywe ngokubala.

• Ubukhulu obuncane akumele bube ngaphansi kuka-10mm.

• Kudingeka ukuqiniswa kokuxhumeka okufanele.

Izakhiwo ezinama-Cranes

• Ama-Cranes ≥5 amathani:

• Sebenzisa amasistimu okuhlanganisa ensimbi.

• Ama-Cranes >15 amathani:

• Nikeza i-longitudinal ophahleni lwe-bracing.

• Thuthukisa ukuqina kwe-crane beam lateral.

Isikhala sokuqondisa ikholomu ngokuvamile silawulwa ngaphakathi:

30m–45m

futhi kufanele iqondaniswe nezindawo zokubopha eziphambanayo zophahla.

9. Idizayini Yelungu Lohlaka Lwephothali

Izimiso zokuklama eziyinhloko:

• Kusetshenziswa indlela yokwakheka kwe-elastic.

• Umklamo wepulasitiki ngokuvamile awucatshangelwa.

• Ubuncane bewebhu nezilinganiso ze-flange-to-thickness kufanele zihlangabezane nemikhawulo yedizayini.

• Amalungu esigaba esiguquguqukayo ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa isisindo.

Ukucatshangelwa kwedizayini ebalulekile:

• Ukuzinza kwendiza yamakholomu

• Ukuzinza ngaphandle kwendiza

• Ububanzi obusebenzayo bamawebhu

• Amandla e-post-buckling shear

• Umthelela wezisekelo zekholomu ezihinjisiwe noma eziqinile

Okwamabhilidi angenawo ama-crane:

• Izisekelo zamakholomu ngokuvamile zinamahinji.

Okwezakhiwo ezinama-cranes angaphezulu:

• Izisekelo zekholomu eziqinile zivame ukwamukelwa.

10. Izidingo ze-Purlin Design

Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-purlin:

• Ama-purlin amise okwe-C akhiwe ngendlela ebandayo

• Ama-purlin amise okwe-Z akhiwe ngendlela ebandayo

• Ama-purlins esigaba se-H ashiselwe

Ama-Purlins kufanele acabangele:

• Imithwalo yamandla adonsela phansi

• Amandla okudonsa umoya

• Ukusebenzisana kwephaneli yophahla

• Izimo zokuvinjelwa zangemuva

Amasistimu e-Z-purlin aqhubekayo angathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo ngoxhumano olugqagqene.

11. I-Sag Rod ne-Knee Brace Design

Izinsimbi zamadolo ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile zokuzinza ezisetshenziselwa:

• Yehlisa ubude be-lateral buckling of compression flange

• Thuthukisa ukuzinza kozimele wephothali

Izidingo zokufaka:

• Ihlelwe kakhulu ezindaweni ze-compression flange

• Kudingeka eduze nokuxhumeka kwekholomu yomugqa

• Isikhala kufanele senelise izidingo zokuzinza

Uma izinsimbi zamadolo zingakwazi ukufakwa, ezinye izindlela zokuqinisa kufanele zinikezwe.

12. I-Anchor Bolt kanye ne-Column Base Design

Idizayini yesisekelo sekholomu kufanele icabangele:

• Phakamisa amandla

• Amandla okugunda avundlile

• Amandla okubopha

Izidingo ezijwayelekile:

• Amabhawodi okusetshenzwa kulengwa akumele kube ukuphela kwengxenye emelene nokugunda okuvundlile.

• Okhiye bokugunda bangase badingeke kumandla amakhulu avundlile.

• Amapuleti ayisisekelo kufanele anikeze ukudluliswa komthwalo okuthembekile.

13. Qeda Idizayini Yokuxhuma I-Plate Bolted

Izixhumi zamapuleti okuphela amandla aphezulu asetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu:

• Ukufakwa okusheshayo

• Ukusebenza okuthembekile

• Ukuthutha okulula

Ukucatshangelwa kwedizayini:

• Kufanele kusetshenziswe amabhawodi aqinile.

• Ukuqina kwepuleti lokugcina kufanele kubalwe futhi ngokuvamile kungabi ngaphansi kuka-16mm.

• Izidingo zekhwalithi yokushisela kufanele zilawulwe ngokuqinile.

14. Izidingo zokufaka

Ngesikhathi sokwakha:

Ukufakwa kozimele bensimbi

• Faka amasistimu okuqinisa ngesikhathi.

• Landela ukulandelana kokumiswa okufanele.

• Nikeza usekelo lwesikhashana lapho kudingeka.

• Sebenzisa izintambo zomoya ukuzinza kwesikhashana.

Ukufakwa Kwesisekelo Sekholomu

• Faka amantongomane okulungisa ngaphansi kwamabhawodi okusetshenzwa kulengwa.

• Yenza ukulungiswa kokuqondanisa ngaphambi kwe-grouting yesibili.

• Nikeza izimbobo zokugaya kuma-base plate.

Ukufakwa kwe-Metal Cladding

Izimfuneko:

• Sebenzisa izinto zokuvala ezithembekile.

• I-sealant enconyiwe: itheyiphu yerabha ye-butyl.

• Isikhala esiphezulu se-fastener phakathi kwamaphaneli nezakhiwo zesibili akufanele sidlule u-300mm.

• Qinisa ukulungisa emaphethelweni ophahleni nasemakhoneni ngenxa yokudonsa komoya okuphezulu.

Isiphetho

Izakhiwo zefreyimu yensimbi yensimbi ekhanyayo zinikeza isisombululo esisebenzayo sokwakhiwa kwezimboni zanamuhla. Ngokuklanywa kwesakhiwo esithuthukisiwe, izinhlelo zokuxhuma ezinokwethenjelwa, ukukhetha okufanele kwezinto ezibonakalayo, nokulawula ukufakwa okuqinile, izakhiwo zensimbi yozimele wephothali zingafeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu mayelana nokuphepha, ukuqina, isivinini sokwakha, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.

I-ZSJH Steel Group ihlinzeka ngezixazululo zokwakhiwa kwensimbi yephothali eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, okuhlanganisa ukuklama kwesakhiwo, ukwenziwa kwensimbi, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, kanye nezinsizakalo zokuletha umhlaba wonke ezindlini zokugcina izimpahla zezimboni, ama-workshops, izikhungo zezokuthutha, nezakhiwo zensimbi zezentengiselwano.