Kumaphrojekthi amaningi ezimboni, ukukhetha okungcono akusona isakhiwo esisebenzisa insimbi eyengeziwe noma esibukeka sithuthuke kakhulu. Isakhiwo seshabhu yensimbi yephothali ngokuvamile sifanela ukukhiqizwa kwesitezi esisodwa, isitoreji, kanye nokusetshenziswa, kuyilapho uhlaka lwensimbi oluphakeme lufanele umhlaba obizayo, ukupakishwa okuqondile, noma indawo exubile. Zombili lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa insimbi, nokho zixazulula izinkinga zebhizinisi ezihlukene ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba, ukuhamba kokukhiqiza, ukusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo, ukugunyazwa, kanye nezindleko zesikhathi eside.

Ukukhetha isistimu engalungile kungafutha amathani ensimbi, izisekelo, ukuvikela umlilo, ubunkimbinkimbi be-MEP, izikhathi zokugunyaza, nezindleko zokubuyisela. Abanikazi baqhathanisa izindaba eziningi I-High-rise Steel Frame enendaba eyodwa Ishabhu yesakhiwo sensimbi noma Imboni yesakhiwo sensimbi idinga uhlaka lwesinqumo, hhayi izinzuzo nezingozi ezivamile. Lesi siqhathaniso sichaza ukuqonda kwesakhiwo, abashayeli bezindleko, ishejuli, ukuhambisana, ukwakheka, kanye nengozi yokuqaliswa Ukwakhiwa Kwesakhiwo Sensimbi . Iphinde ibonise ukuthi izinketho ze-hybrid zifanelwe nini ukuhlolwa komqondo ngaphambi kwentengo yokugcina.

• Izakhiwo zeshabhu yensimbi yephothali zivame ukuwina ukuze zisetshenziswe yizimboni ezinesitezi esisodwa ezidinga ububanzi obucacile, ukuvaleka okusheshayo, ukumisa okwenziwe lula, kanye nobunkimbinkimbi obuphansi.

• Amafreyimu ensimbi aphakeme ngokuvamile awina lapho umhlaba uboshiwe, ukunqwabelanisa okuqondile kuyamukeleka ngokusebenza, noma kudingeka isikhala sokusebenzisa okuxubile.

• Igebe langempela lezindleko liqhutshwa kancane ngesisindo sensimbi yesihloko nokunye okwengeziwe ngezisekelo, isilinganiso somlilo, amasistimu aphansi, ukujikeleza okuqondile, ukusebenza kwemvilophu, umzila we-MEP, nezimvume.

• Amafreyimu ephothali avame ukonga kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi sezimboni esisebenzayo kanye nebanga lobude; ama-span amade kakhulu, ama-cranes asindayo, noma ama-mezzanines azayo angaphushela idizayini kumafreyimu asindayo, amaphothali e-truss, noma amasistimu ayingxubevange.

• Uhlu olufushane oluthembekile kufanele luqale ngokugeleza kwenqubo, izimfuneko ze-span nobude, izimfuno zasendaweni zekhodi yomlilo we-wind-seismic-fire, ukuchayeka kokugqwala, nesu lokunweba.

Izinketho Zokwakha Isakhiwo Sensimbi: Ukuthi Isistimu Ngamunye Isho Ukuthini Empeleni

I-High-Rise Steel Frame

Uhlaka lwensimbi oluphakeme luwuhlelo lokwakha olunezitezi eziningi olwakhiwe ngamakholomu ensimbi, imishayo, amasistimu aphansi, kanye nesistimu yokumelana ne-lateral-force-resisting. Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kuhlanganisa izakhiwo zezimboni zasemadolobheni, inhlanganisela yamahhovisi nezimboni, izakhiwo zokupaka, izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, ukukhiqizwa okupakishwe kume mpo, kanye nesitoreji esinamaleveli amaningi.

Izinketho zozimele ezivamile zihlanganisa amafreyimu angakwazi ukumelana nesikhashana, amafreyimu aqinile, amasistimu aphansi ensimbi-ukhonkolo ahlanganisiwe, namafreyimu ensimbi ahlanganiswe namakhora okhonkolo noma izindonga zokugunda. Ukuhlelwa kokugcina kuncike ekuphakameni, ukulayisha phansi, isidingo sokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuchayeka komoya, isilinganiso somlilo, nokuhlala.

Lolu hlelo alulona uhlaka lwephothali olude. Kumelwe ilawule imithwalo yamandla adonsela phansi eqongelelekayo, ukukhukhuleka phakathi kwezindaba, ukudlidliza, ukuqina, ukuphuma, ama-shafts, ukuvikela umlilo, nokusatshalaliswa kwe-MEP eqondile. Lezo zidingo zakha izixhumanisi zokuklama ezengeziwe ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukwenziwa.

Isakhiwo se-Portal Steel Workshop

Isakhiwo seshabhu yensimbi yephothali siwuhlaka oluqinile olukhuphukela phansi olwenziwe ngamakholomu ensimbi namapulanga anezinsika ezimelana nesikhashana kanye noxhumo lwama-ridge. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-workshops, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, amashedi wezimpahla, ama-hangars, izakhiwo zezolimo, nezindawo zokukhiqiza ezilula.

Indlela yokulayisha iqondile. Ozimele abayinhloko bamelana nemithwalo eqondile neyasemaceleni, i-longitudinal bracing iqinisa isakhiwo, futhi ama-purlins namagithi adlulisa uphahla kanye nemithwalo yodonga ibuyela kuhlaka oluyinhloko. Ama-Eaves haunches kanye nama-ridge haunches ngokuvamile athuthukisa ukuqina lapho izikhathi zokugoba ziba phezulu.

Izikhala eziningi zezindawo zokugcina izinto ezithengiswayo ziwela cishe ku-9-36 m, kuyilapho ububanzi bobunjiniyela bungenzeka. Izinkomba zobunjiniyela zivame ukubonisa amafreyimu ephothali azungeze u-15-50 m ubude, 6–8 m bay space, 5°–10° ukuphakama kophahla, kanye nobude obucacile obungu-8–18 m. Ukufezeka kokugcina kusancika emithwalweni yendawo, isikhala se-bay, ukuphakama kwama-eaves, umsebenzi we-crane, okokusebenza kophahla, kanye nezinga elilawulayo.

Ezinye Izinhlobo Zezinhlaka Zensimbi Abathengi Bangase Badideke Nalezi Zisistimu

• Uhlaka lwesakhiwo oluvamile: Uhlaka lwensimbi lwe-beam-nekholomu olunesakhiwo esivumelana nezimo, esivamile emahhovisi, ezindlini, ezindlini eziphakeme, nezakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo.

• Uhlaka lwephothali: Uhlaka oluqinile olusezingeni eliphansi oluthuthukiselwe izindawo ezibanzi, ezivulekile kanye namatheku ezimboni aphindaphindayo.

• Isakhiwo se-truss: Uhlelo olunxantathu olusetshenziselwa amabhuloho, imibhoshongo, uphahla olukhulu, namahholo amade.

• Igridi noma ifremu yesikhala: Inethiwekhi yamalungu enezinhlangothi ezimbili noma ezintathu esetshenziselwa izinkundla, amahholo emibukiso, ama-atrium, nophahla oluyinkimbinkimbi.

Le taxonomy ivimbela iphutha elivamile lentengo. Ikhwothi yohlaka lwephothali akumele iqhathaniswe nophahla lwe-truss, uphahla lwegobolondo legridi, noma ikhwothi yozimele enezitezi eziningi njengokungathi ichaza umkhiqizo ofanayo.

Ukugwema Ukwahlukaniswa Kwezigaba Ezingalungile: Uzimele Wephothali vs Truss Iphothali vs Uzimele Ophakeme Kakhulu

Uzimele wephothali ojwayelekile uncike esenzweni sekholomu ye-beam eqinile. Ingosi ye-truss isebenzisa amapulangwe anxantathu noma izigxobo zophahla ukuze ifinyelele indawo ebanzi ngokusebenza kahle kwamalungu. Ingase ifanele ama-hangars, amahholo ezinto ezisetshenziswayo abanzi kakhulu, noma amaphrojekthi lapho ukujula komugqa wephothali kuba ngokweqile.

Uhlaka oluphakeme kakhulu lukhethelwa indawo eqondile, hhayi eyesitezi esisodwa esicacile. Igridi noma ifreyimu yesikhala ingeyengxoxo kuphela uma ijiyomethri yophahla, ukusetshenziswa komhlangano womphakathi, noma isidingo esidlulele se-span sikuthethelela.

Chaza Inqubo Yempumelelo Ngaphambi Kokuqhathanisa Amasistimu

Izidingo Zokusebenza

Isinqumo kufanele siqale ngemininingwane yokusebenza. Isibalo saphansi esidingekayo, ubude obucacile, i-span ecacile, i-mezzanines, imithwalo ye-crane, ukwakheka kwedokhi, ukucaciswa kwemishini, nobude bomugqa wokukhiqiza konke kuthinta isistimu yesakhiwo.

• Imodi yesitoreji: i-pallet racking, isitoreji senqwaba, okokusebenza esindayo, isitoreji esizenzakalelayo, noma ukuphatha izinto eziqondile.

• Ukuhamba komsebenzi: ukujikeleza kwe-forklift, imizila ye-AGV, izindlela zokuthutha, ukulandelana kokulayisha iloli, nokuqhubeka komugqa wokukhiqiza.

• Izidingo zokuhlukaniswa: izindawo ezihlanzekile, izindawo ezinomsindo, izinqubo ezishisayo, umsebenzi oyingozi, amahhovisi nezindawo zabasebenzi.

• Isu lokunweba: amatheku engeziwe, ingxenye yesitezi sesibili, okokusebenza okusindayo, amaphaneli elanga, okhrayini abangeziwe, noma isitshalo se-MEP sesikhathi esizayo.

Izingqinamba Zesizinda kanye Nomhlaba

Isilinganiso sesakhiwo, izithiyo, ukuma komhlaba okungajwayelekile, imizila yomlilo, amaphinifa wamaloli, amaphaseji asetshenziswayo, amapayipi amanzi, imigwaqo yokufinyelela, kanye ne-radius ephendukayo kungashintsha impendulo. Izindleko zomhlaba wasemadolobheni zingase zisekele uhlelo oluphakeme kakhulu. Umhlaba ongasemadolobheni noma wasemakhaya ngokuvamile uqinisa ikesi lesakhiwo esibanzi sendaba eyodwa.

Umthamo wokuthwala umhlabathi kanye nezinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba yizona ezihamba phambili zezindleko. Umhlabathi obuthakathaka ungajezisa imithwalo yekholomu estakiwe ezakhiweni ezide, kuyilapho izinyathelo ezinkulu zephothali zingandisa indawo ye-slab, ubude bokukhipha amanzi, kanye nokugijima kwesisekelo.

Imibandela Yokuhambisana Nengozi

Indlela yekhodi kufanele ichazwe ngaphambi kwentengo. Amaphrojekthi amaningi aseNyakatho Melika abhekisela ku-AISC, IBC, kanye ne-ASCE. Amaphrojekthi amaningi aseYurophu nawamazwe ngamazwe abhekisela ku-Eurocode, izijobelelo zikazwelonke, nemithetho yezimboni zendawo.

Isilinganiso somlilo, ibanga lokuphuma, ukuhlukaniswa, ukulawula intuthu, ukufinyelela kweloli lezicishamlilo, isigaba sokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuvuleleka komoya, umthwalo weqhwa, isigaba sokugqwala, amandla emvula, umswakama, kanye nengozi yokujiya. Ukuqagela okungekho kuvame ukuba yimiyalo yoshintsho.

Imibandela Yezinqumo Zezentengiselwano

Imibandela yezohwebo ihlanganisa i-target capex, usuku oludingekayo lokunikeza, imodeli yokuthengwa kwempahla, ingozi eyamukelekayo ye-oda lokushintsha, amandla okunakekela, inani lokuthengisa kabusha, kanye nokuguquguquka kokuphinda kwenziwe. Ukuthengwa kungase kuqale kusukela ekuhlinzekweni kozimele kuphela ukuya ekulethweni kokhiye we-turnkey ngokugcwele Isibopho sobunjiniyela besakhiwo sensimbi .

Ukuqhathanisa Kwesakhiwo Ngaseceleni

Ukuziphatha Kwesakhiwo kanye Nomzila Womthwalo

Amafreyimu ephothali angamasistimu asezingeni eliphansi asebenzayo. Ama-eave aqinile kanye noxhumo lwama-ridge kudlulisa izikhathi zokugoba ngohlaka oluyinhloko, kuyilapho ukubhula nge-longitudinal kusimamisa isakhiwo. Ama-haunches anciphisa izikhathi eziphezulu futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwensimbi lapho uhlaka lugcizelelwa kakhulu.

Ozimele abaphakeme kakhulu bathwala imithwalo yamandla adonsela phansi estakiwe kanye nezenzo ezinkulu ezikhulayo ezingemuva. Zidinga ama-braced bays, amafreyimu esikhashana, ama-cores, izindonga zokugunda, noma amasistimu ahlangene ahlangene. Imiphumela ye-oda lesibili, ukukhukhuleka, ukudlidliza, nokuqina kungabusa umklamo ngisho noma ukuhlolwa kwamandla kudlula.

Ubude obusebenzayo nobubanzi be-Span

Amafreyimu ephothali ngokuvamile anesimo sawo somnotho esiqine kakhulu ezakhiweni zezimboni ezisezingeni eliphansi, ezinobubanzi obubanzi. Amaphothali amaningi alinganisiwe asebenza kahle ezindaweni ezimaphakathi zezimboni, ezinamamitha angama-25–35 ngokuvamile avela njengendawo evamile yokonga ezinkomba zokuqala.

Izikhala ezinde kakhulu zingadinga amapulangwe ajulile, ama-haunches asindayo, amaphothali aboshiwe, amaphothali asekelwe, amaphothali e-truss, noma izixazululo ze-multi-span. Ukuphakama kwama-eves aphezulu nakho kukhulisa ukuchayeka komoya, usayizi welungu, isidingo sokumisa, nobunzima bokumisa.

Amafreyimu aphakeme afanele ukufunwa kwendawo enezitezi eziningi. Ngokuvamile azikhethelwa izindleko eziphansi imitha yesikwele ngayinye yesitezi semboni esicacile, enezinga elilodwa.

Ukusebenza Kwesikhala Nokugeleza Kwemisebenzi

Izakhiwo ze-portal ngokuvamile zihlinzeka ngendawo engavinjelwe, ukulayisha okuqondile, imizila elula ye-forklift, ukuvuleka kweminyango emikhulu, kanye nesakhiwo somugqa wokukhiqiza okulula. Imishini namarakhi ngokuvamile kungathuthwa ngokuphazamiseka okuncane.

Izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu zandisa indawo ephansi emhlabeni ovimbekile. Ukuhwebelana kuwukujikeleza okuqondile. Ukunyuswa kwezimpahla, izitebhisi, amashafti, amarampu, amaconveyor, nokuhlukaniswa kwezokuphepha kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle okusebenzisekayo uma inqubo ivundlile kakhulu.

Izisekelo, Ukuzinza, Ukushayela, kanye Nokusebenza

Ozimele bephothali bangase badale izikhathi ezivundlile neziyisisekelo kuye ngokuthi i-geometry, ukuqina, amalungu aboshiwe, kanye ne-bracing. Ozimele abaphakeme ngokuvamile bakha imithwalo yekholomu eqoqwayo emikhulu kanye nemikhawulo eqinile yokukhokha.

Ukusebenza kuhlola udaba kuzo zombili izinhlelo. Amaphrojekthi wephothali kufanele alawule ukuchezuka kophahla, ukunyakaza kwama-eves, ukunyakaziswa kozimele, ukuzinza kwe-purlin, ukuqina kwebhande, ukusebenza kwe-bracing, kanye nokuchibiyela kophahla. Amaphrojekthi aphakeme kakhulu kufanele alawule ukukhukhuleka phakathi kwezindaba, ukusheshiswa komoya, ukudlidliza kwaphansi, imiphumela ye-P-Δ, kanye nezimfuneko zokuwa ngokungalingani.

Izingxenye Zesakhiwo Se-Portal Steel Workshop Abathengi Kufanele Baqonde

Izingxenye Zozimele Eziyinhloko

Ama-elementi ozimele oyinhloko ngokuvamile ahlanganisa amakholomu ensimbi, amapulanga noma amapulangwe ophahleni, ama-eves haunches, ama-ridge haunches, amapuleti ayisisekelo, amabhawodi okuhanjwa ngayo, nezisekelo. Lapho kudingeka khona ama-crane angaphezulu, abakaki be-crane, ama-corbels, ama-crane beam, nokusabela kwekholomu kufanele kuklanywe kusukela ekuqaleni.

Izingxenye Zesibili kanye Nokuqinisa

Amalungu esibili ahlanganisa ama-purlins, ama-girts, ama-eave struts, ama-sag rods, izinsimbi ze-flange, amafreyimu eminyango, amafreyimu e-canopy, ama-edge trim, namalungu asekelayo. Lezi zinto zithinta ukuphepha, ukuqina, nokusebenza kokugqoka.

Ukuqiniswa kophahla, ukuhlanganisa odongeni, ukuqinisa amakholomu, amalungu othayi, nokumiswa kwesikhashana kokumiswa kufanele kuboniswe ngokucacile. Ukweqiwa kwe-bracing kungadala izinkinga zokusebenziseka zesikhathi eside, nanoma ifremu eyinhloko ibonakala yanele.

Ikhwalithi Yokuxhumana kanye Nendlela Yomhlangano

Ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo okuyisisekelo kufanele kwenziwe ngonjiniyela okuxhunywe ngamabholidi noma ashiselwe. Amasistimu webhawodi wamandla aphezulu angathuthukisa isivinini sokumiswa, ukucaca kokuhlolwa, nokuguqulwa okuzayo. Izikulufu zokuzibhoboza noma ezizishayayo zingase zifanele ukuvala nokulungisa ukukhanya kwesibili, kodwa akufanele zimiselele ukuxhuma okuyisisekelo kwesakhiwo.

Amadokhumenti ebhidi kufanele asho ibanga lebhawodi, itorque noma indlela yokuqina, usayizi wokushisela, izinga lokuhlola, isibopho sokuklama ukuxhuma, nokuvikela ukugqwala ezindaweni zokuxhuma.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezindleko Nezindleko Ziphelele Zobunikazi

Abashayeli Bezindleko Zezakhiwo ezihamba phambili

Ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko zozimele wephothali ngokuvamile kuvela kumatheku aphindaphindayo, amalungu athuthukisiwe, amasistimu aphansi ambalwa, ukumisa ngokushesha, kanye nokuziphatha okulula okuseceleni kokukhuphuka okuphansi. Ozimele abaphakeme bengeza iphansi eliyinhlanganisela, amakholomu engeziwe nemishayo, amasistimu asemaceleni aqinile, izitebhisi, amakheshi, ukuvikela umlilo, amafacade amade, nokusabalalisa kwesevisi okuyinkimbinkimbi.

I-Span, i-Bay Spacing, kanye ne-Steel Tonnage

Izibambo ezinde ezicacile ngokuvamile zikhulisa ukujula komugqa, usayizi we-haunch, izimfuneko zokulawula ukuchezuka, namathani ensimbi. Isikhala esibanzi se-bay singanciphisa isibalo sozimele, kodwa singakhuphula i-purlin, ibhithi, nosayizi bamalungu ozimele. Isikhala esiseduze kakhulu se-bay singakhuphula ukuxhumana nomsebenzi wezitolo.

Ukuqhathanisa kwesiteji somqondo kufanele kuhlole amagridi amaningana. Okuzenzakalelayo komhlinzeki kungase kusebenze kahle emugqeni wawo wokwakha, kodwa hhayi ekugelezeni kwenqubo yomnikazi, umsebenzi we-crane, noma uhlelo lokunweba lwesikhathi esizayo.

Izindleko Ezingezona Zesakhiwo Ezishintsha Isinqumo

Igebe lezindleko livame ukuqhutshwa izinto ezingezona ezakhiwe. Amaphrojekthi aphakeme angathwala izindleko ezinkulu zokuvikela umlilo, amakheshi, izitebhisi, amashafti, izikhuphukeli, ukulawula intuthu, ukufinyelela kwe-facade, indawo ye-HVAC, indawo yokufafaza, kanye nokuphuma ngaphandle.

Izindleko ze-portal workshop zingaqhutshwa ama-slabs ezimboni, amadokhi, izileveli zedokhu, iminyango emikhulu, ama-canopies, insalela, imigoqo yomusi, ama-gutters, amapayipi aphansi, ama-corrosion coatings, ama-drainage ophahleni, nezinhlelo ze-crane.

Imvilophu, I-Roof Pitch, kanye Nezindleko Zokufingqa

Amashabhu okufunda ngophothali adinga imininingwane ecacile mayelana nokuphakama kophahla, ukudonsa amanzi ophahleni, ukuvala izinto, ukugquma, ukulawula umhwamuko, amakhefu ashisayo, kanye nokukhipha umoya. Uphahla lwephothali oluningi lusebenzisa ama-pitch azungeze u-5°–10°, kuyilapho ububanzi obubanzi obufana no-5°–20° bungase busetshenziswe kuye ngokuphuma kwamanzi, ukuvala, umoya, iqhwa, nokubukeka.

Imithambeka ephansi yandisa ingozi yokudoba uma amanzi engenawo amandla. Ukugcinwa okubandayo, izindawo zokusebenzela ezingasogwini, izindawo zamakhemikhali, nezimboni ezinomswakama ophezulu zidinga ukujiya okuqinile nokuhlela ukugqwala.

Ama-apula-kuya-ama-apula Ukucaphuna Ukujwayela

Quote Into	Okufanele Kucaciswe	Kungani Ishintsha Isinqumo
Isisekelo sobubanzi	Uzimele kuphela, insimbi kanye namalungu esibili, imvilophu, igobolondo ne-core, noma iphakheji ye-turnkey	Intengo yozimele ephansi ingase ikhiphe inani elikhulu lesakhiwo
Isisekelo sendawo	Indawo yokwakha, indawo yaphansi, indawo esetshenziswayo, noma indawo yokusebenza	Izikimu eziphakeme kakhulu zingabonakala zishibhile nge-gross square meter
Imisebenzi engafakiwe	Izisekelo, ukuvikela umlilo, izisekelo ze-MEP, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi, izicabha, ukwahlukanisa, ama-cranes, ama-mezzanines, nama-coatings	Izinto ezingekho zihambisa izindleko kuma-oda okushintsha kamuva
Isisekelo sokusebenza	Imithwalo, imikhawulo yokuchezuka, isilinganiso somlilo, isigaba sokugqwala, ukuphakama kophahla, nendlela yekhodi	Imibono ehlukene ikhiqiza amathani ensimbi ahlukene

Izindleko Zokusebenza kanye ne-ROI Logic

Ukonga kwezindleko zomhlaba kungase kuthethelele ifreyimu yokukhuphuka okuphezulu lapho ukunyakaza okuqondile kwamukeleka ekusebenzeni. I-portal workshop ingakhiqiza i-ROI engcono uma ithuthukisa ukuphuma, ukusetshenziswa kwedokhu, imizila ye-forklift, ukuthuthwa kwemishini, ukufinyelela kokulungisa, kanye nezinguquko zomugqa zesikhathi esizayo.

• Qhathanisa ukusebenza kahle komhlaba ngokumelene nokusebenza kahle komsebenzi.

• Okhrayini bentengo, okuzenzakalelayo, umzila we-MEP, nezibonelelo zokunweba kusenesikhathi.

• Linganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, umthwalo wokunakekela, kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula ngesikhathi sokubuyisela.

• Sebenzisa isamba sezindleko zobunikazi kune-steel tonnage yodwa.

Isheduli, I-Prefabrication, kanye Nokwakhiwa

Izinzuzo Zesakhiwo Sensimbi Esakhiwe

A Isakhiwo sensimbi esenziwe ngaphambili singathuthukisa ukulawula kobukhulu, i-QA yefekthri, ukulandeleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo, nokukhiqiza kwesayithi. Ama-workshops ephothali ngokuvamile azuza okwengeziwe ngokuphindaphinda ngoba amafreyimu, ama-purlins, ama-girt, kanye nokuhlanganisa kungalandela isigqi esilula sokumiswa.

Ozimele abaphakeme kakhulu nabo bayazuza ngokwenziwa ngaphambilini, kodwa ukuqina kokuxhumanisa kuphezulu. Isitezi esingaphansi, ama-shaft, amahange angaphambili, ukuvikela umlilo, ukuvuleka kwesevisi, ukubekezelela, nokuhlolwa okuhleliwe kufanele kukhishwe ngokulandelana okufanele.

I-Fabrication Complexity

Ukwenziwa kwephothali kugxile kumapulangwe ama-tapered, ama-haunches, ama-purlins, amabhande, ama-bracing, abakaki be-crane, kanye namafreyimu okusekela okuhlanganisa. Ukwenziwa okuphakeme kakhulu kwengeza uxhumo lwekholomu enamaleveli amaningi, ukuhlanganiswa kwedekhi eyinhlanganisela, amapuleti e-splice, izigxivizo eziqinile, ukuxhumana kwesikhashana, ama-braced cores, nokulawula ukubekezelelana okuqinile.

Ukulandelana Kokumiswa kanye Nomugqa Wesikhathi Wokuvunyelwa

Amabhilidi ephothali ngokuvamile avale ngokushesha futhi angavumela amarakhi angaphambili, imishini, nokufakwa kwe-MEP. Ozimele abaphakeme kakhulu badinga imijikelezo eminingi ye-crane, ukulandelana kwesitezi nesitezi, ukuhlela ukuzinza kwesikhashana, nokuxhumana kohwebo ngaphambi kokoma.

Izikhathi zokugunyaza nazo zingahluka. Amaphrojekthi aphezulu ngokuvamile abhekana nokubuyekezwa okunzima kakhulu kwecebo lomlilo, ukuphuma, ukulawula intuthu, ukufinyeleleka, ukuthutha okuqondile, nokuhlala okuxubile. Ama-portal workshops asadinga umoya, iqhwa, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi, ukuhlukaniswa komlilo, ukuhlolwa kwemvelo, kanye nokusebenza kwezimboni.

Izinyathelo Ezijwayelekile Zokulethwa Kwephrojekthi

• Lungiselela ukwakheka okufushane kokusebenza nokungenzeka.

• Qhathanisa imiqondo yesakhiwo sephothali, ukuphakama okuphezulu, kanye nengxubevange.

• Qinisekisa idatha ye-geotechnical, indlela yekhodi, nemithwalo yokuqala.

• Qedela idizayini enemininingwane, imidwebo yezitolo, ukugunyazwa, nokuthenga.

• Dala, hambisa, misa, hlola, hlanganisa, hlanganisa, futhi wenze ikhomishini.

Ukujula Kobunjiniyela: Yiziphi Izicacisi Okufanele Ziqinisekise

I-Portal Steel Workshop Design Parameters

Okuhlukile kwephothali kufaka phakathi izingosi eziphothiwe ezilinganayo, izingosi ze-mono-pitch, izingosi ze-lean-to, izingosi ze-offset, izingosi ze-span eziningi, izingosi eziboshiwe, izingosi ze-crane, izingosi ze-mezzanine, izingosi eziphakanyisiwe, izingosi ezicijile, izingosi ezigobile, nezingosi ze-truss. Okokufaka okudingekayo kuhlanganisa i-span, ubude be-eves, isikhala se-bay, i-roof pitch, i-crane duty, imithwalo ebambiso, imithwalo yelanga, izinsizakalo zokulenga, uhlobo lokuvala, kanye nesigaba sokugqwala.

Ama-haunches anciphisa izikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu kuma-eves kanye ne-ridge futhi andise ukuqina lapho ukugoba kuphakeme kakhulu. Amareferensi okuqala angase asebenzise ubude be-eaves haunch cishe u-10% we-span kanye nokushona kwe-haunch cishe ku-2% we-span, kodwa ukulinganisa kokugcina kufanele kuvele ekubalweni.

Amapharamitha we-High-Rise Steel Frame Design

Idizayini yohlaka oluphakeme kakhulu idinga ukulayishwa phansi okuchaziwe, imikhawulo yokudlidliza, imikhawulo yokukhukhuleka, ukukhetha kwesistimu ehlangothini, izidingo zokuqina, uhlobo lwesitezi esiyinhlanganisela, nokumelana nomlilo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni okusindayo kwengeza imithwalo yemishini, izenzo eziguquguqukayo, ukuhlukaniswa kokudlidliza, ukucaba kwephansi, imizila yokunyakaza kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nezidingo zokuphakama ukusuka phansi kuye phansi.

Ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo kufanele kufake amashafu, izitebhisi, amakheshi, indawo yokusebenzela ye-facade, ukungena kwe-MEP, izindawo zokuvikela umlilo, ama-partitions afanelekile, kanye nokubekezelela ukwakha ngaphambi kokuba imidwebo yamathenda imiswe iqhwa.

Imithwalo, Ukusevisa, Ukuzinza, kanye Nekhodi Ecacile

Iziphakamiso kufanele zisho imithwalo efile, imithwalo ephilayo, ukulayishwa komoya, ukulayishwa kweqhwa, izenzo zokuzamazama komhlaba, ukulayishwa kwe-crane, izenzo ezishisayo, izenzo zengozi, nemithwalo yesiteji sokwakha. Amaphrojekthi wephothali kufanele futhi asho imithwalo yesevisi yophahla, izinsizakalo ezimisiwe, okokusebenza kophahla, kanye nokuhlinza kwe-crane noma imithwalo esemaceleni lapho kufanele khona.

Ezinye izinkomba zisebenzisa amanani okulayisha ophahleni olubekwe njengo-0.1–0.25 kN/m² ezindaweni ezithile, kodwa umklamo wephrojekthi kufanele ulandele amanani ekhodi yendawo. Izicacisi kufanele futhi ziqinisekise imikhawulo yokuchezuka, imikhawulo yokukhukhuleka, imibandela yokudlidliza, ukuhlola kwe-lateral-torsional buckling, ubuncane, ubude obusebenzayo, imithelela ye-P-Δ ne-P-δ, ukufaneleka kwe-bracing, nokuzinza kwesikhashana.

Amaphakheji ebhidi kufanele ahlonze i-AISC 360, IBC, ASCE, Eurocode, izijobelelo zikazwelonke, noma okulinganayo kwasendaweni lapho kufanele khona. Kufanele futhi basho indlela ye-ASD noma ye-LRFD, inhlanganisela yomthwalo, indlela yokuklama umlilo, isigaba sokubulawa, isigaba sokubaluleka, isigaba sokuchayeka, imingcele yokuzamazama komhlaba, isigaba sokugqwala, kanye nesibopho sokuklama koxhumano.

I-Decision Matrix Yemiqondo Yohlu Olufushane

Isici Sesinqumo	Uhlaka lwensimbi oluphakeme kakhulu	Isakhiwo se-portal steel workshop	Inketho ye-Hybrid
Ukusebenza kwe-span	Kuhle kakhulu kumatheku astakiwe; bukela izitezi ezibanzi zezimboni	Okungcono kakhulu kwezikhala ezicacile ezisezingeni eliphansi; bukela isikhathi eside kakhulu	Okuhamba phambili kwehholo plus block; ukulayishwa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo
Isibalo saphansi	Okuhle kakhulu ngesidingo sezindaba eziningi; buka izinto eziqondile	Okuhle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwendaba eyodwa; buka ukusabalala komhlaba	Okuhle kakhulu uma izikhala zokusekela zinganqwabelana ngokuhlukene
Ukusebenza kahle komhlaba	Phezulu; watch isisekelo kanye nezindleko zomlilo	Ephansi ezindaweni eziqinile; eqinile emhlabeni okhona	Ibhalansiswa uma ukuklama kuvumela ukuhlukanisa izixuku
Isivinini sokubiyela	Kancane; bukela ukuhweba okuhleliwe	Ngokuvamile ngokushesha; bukela ukulungela ibhawudi lehange	Kuncike ekulandelaneni phakathi kwezindawo
Izindleko zokuvikela umlilo	Ngokuvamile ephakeme; bukela imithetho yokuhlala	Imvamisa ephansi; isancike ngekhodi	Ingahlukanisa amabhulokhi anesilinganiso esiphezulu
Ubunkimbinkimbi be-MEP	Phezulu; watch izikhuphukeli kanye shafts	Ngaphansi; bukela izinsiza zophahla kanye nokukhipha umoya	Okulingene; bukela umzila wezitshalo okwabelwana ngawo
Ukunwebeka kalula	Kakhudlwana ngemva kwegridi kanye nama-cores alungisiwe	Kulula ngokungeza amabheyi eceleni	Kuhle uma amajoyinti okunwetshwa ehlelwa
Ukuhambisana kwe-Crane	Okungenzeka; watch floor Logistics	Okujwayelekile uma imithwalo ichazwa kusenesikhathi	Iqinile uma ihholo le-crane lihlukaniswa
Ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza	Ilungele imisebenzi estakiwe; amabhodlela okuphakamisa iwashi	Iqinile ekukhiqizeni okuvundlile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto	Ilungele ukusebenza okuxubile
Ukufinyelela kwesondlo	Kudingeka ukuhlela ukufinyelela okuqondile okwengeziwe	Ukufinyelela okulula ophahleni, izinsizakalo, nezinto zokusebenza	Iyahlukahluka ngendawo
Imvilophu eyinkimbinkimbi	I-facade ephakeme nezidingo zokufinyelela	Uphahla, ukuvala, ukudonsa amanzi, kanye nengozi yokushayela i-condensation	Buka imininingwane phakathi kwezimvilophu ezahlukene
Ingozi yesisekelo	Phezulu lapho imithwalo enqwabelene ihlangana nenhlabathi ebuthakathaka	Ingakhuphuka ngama-slabs amakhulu namaphedi e-crane	Iphrojekthi ethile
Ubunkimbinkimbi bokugunyaza	Ngokuvamile ephakeme	Imvamisa iphansi, kodwa isancike ngekhodi	Kuphakathi kuya phezulu
I-future retrofit flexible	Kukhawulwe ngama-cores, shafts, namandla aphansi	Iqinile uma amatheku, ukuvala, nezisekelo kuvumela ukunwetshwa	Iqinile uma izixhumi ezibonakalayo zakhiwe kusenesikhathi

I-Span kanye Nomhlahlandlela Wokukhetha Wesistimu

• Ama-span amafushane nezandiso ezincane zingafanelana ne-mono-pitch noma amafreyimu ephothali ancike kakhulu.

• Izikhala zezimboni ezimaphakathi zesitezi esisodwa zivame ukufanela amaphothali amisiwe noma acijile.

• Amahholo abanzi acacile kufanele aqhathanise amaphothali amakhudlwana ane-tapered, amaphothali aboshiwe, amaphothali ane-multi-span, kanye nezingosi ze-truss.

• Ububanzi obubanzi kakhulu obungenawo amakholomu angaphakathi kungase kudinge i-truss noma amasistimu akhethekile we-span eside.

• Isidingo sendawo enezitezi eziningi kufanele sihlole uhlaka oluphakeme noma ibhulokhi exubile eduze kwehholo elikhulu.

Indlela yokulinganisa enesisindo

• Nikeza izisindo ezindlekweni zomhlaba, okokusebenza, ishejuli, i-capex, ukunwetshwa, ingcuphe yokuthobela imithetho, ukunakekelwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.

• Faka isistimu ngayinye ngokuqhathanisa nencazelo yokusebenza, hhayi ngokumelene nohlobo lwesakhiwo esijwayelekile.

• Qalisa izikolo ezihlukene zamakesi ebhizinisi ahlukene, afana nomsebenzisi we-warehouse kanye nomkhiqizi wasemadolobheni.

• Yenqaba noma iyiphi inketho efinyelela okuhlosiwe kwe-capex kodwa ivimbe ukuhamba komsebenzi, ama-cranes azayo, noma ukunwetshwa.

Izingozi Zokusebenzisa kanye Nendlela Yokuzinciphisa

Izingozi Eziqondile Ezakhiweni Zokusebenzela Zensimbi Ye-Portal

Amasistimu ephothali angalahlekelwa inzuzo yawo yezindleko lapho ububanzi bukhula ngaphezu kobubanzi obusebenzayo, ukuphakama kwe-eaves kukhuphuka, noma imithwalo yesikhathi esizayo ishiywa. Ukweqiwa okujwayelekile kufaka phakathi umsebenzi we-crane, izinsizakalo ezimisiwe, amaphaneli elanga, ama-mezzanines azayo, okokusebenza ophahleni, iminyango emikhulu, nomthamo owengeziwe we-crane.

Ukujiya kanye nokugqwala kudinga ukuhlela kusenesikhathi ezindaweni zokusebenzela ezinomswakama, eziqandisiwe, ezingasogwini, zamakhemikhali, noma ezingavalwanga kahle. Ukudonswa kwamanzi okubuthakathaka ophahleni olunemithambeka ephansi kungabangela ukuvuza kwesikhathi eside kanye nezinkinga zokulungisa.

Izingozi Ezicacile Kuzimele Zensimbi Ephakeme

Izingozi eziphakeme zihlanganisa ukukhukhuleka, ukudlidliza, ukuqina, izindleko zokuvikela umlilo, ukubambezeleka kokugunyazwa, nezinguquko zesakhiwo sekwephuzile. Uma ama-cores, shafts, columns, kanye nezinhlelo ezisemaceleni sezilungisiwe, izinguquko zenqubo ziba eqolo.

Ukuhleleka okuqondile nakho kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Ukunyuswa kwezimpahla, ama-ramp, ama-conveyor, nezindawo zesiteji kufanele kulinganiswe usayizi womkhiqizo wangempela, hhayi kuphela ukuthobela ikhodi.

Izingozi Zokuthenga Nekhwalithi

Ububanzi obungacacile buhlukaniswa phakathi komkhiqizi, umkhiqizi, unjiniyela, usonkontileka ojwayelekile, kanye nomphakeli wezindwangu kudala izingxabano. Ukungafani komhlinzeki kungenye ingozi. Uchwepheshe we-warehouse angase angahambisani nomsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu, kanti usonkontileka osezingeni eliphezulu angase enze umsebenzi onzima kakhulu.

Amadokhumenti ekhwalithi kufanele ahlanganise ukushisela, ukubopha amabhawodi, ukunamathela, ukuvikela umlilo, ukubekezelelana kobukhulu, ukulandeleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo, nezindawo zokuhlola.

Uhlu Lokuhlola Ukunciphisa Ubungozi

• Friza isifinyezo sokusebenza ngaphambi kwesakhiwo sesakhiwo.

• Qinisekisa idatha ye-geotechnical ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa izindleko zozimele.

• Chaza imithwalo ye-crane, izibonelelo ze-mezzanine, imithwalo yelanga, nemithwalo yesibambiso ye-MEP ngaphambi kwentengo.

• Buyekeza imininingwane yokuxhuma, ukwakheka kwebracing, okokunamathelayo, isu lomlilo, amanzi okukhipha amanzi, kanye nezibonelelo zokunweba ngaphambi komklomelo.

• Sebenzisa ukubuyekezwa kwengqopha-mlando phakathi nomklamo womqondo, idizayini enemininingwane, ukugunyazwa komdwebo wesitolo, ukwakhiwa, ukulethwa, ukumiswa, nokuhlola kokugcina.

Lapho Inketho Ngayinye Iwina

Khetha Isakhiwo se-Portal Steel Workshop Nini

• Isakhiwo sinesitezi esisodwa futhi sidinga ububanzi obucacile.

• Ukugeleza kwe-Forklift, ukufinyelela kwedokhi, iminyango engaphezulu, nokunyakaza kwemishini kushayela ukwakheka.

• Isivinini sokuvala kanye nobunkimbinkimbi obuphansi yizinto eziza kuqala.

• Isikhungo sisebenzela indawo yokugcina impahla, i-logistics, workshops, noma ukukhiqiza okulula.

• Ukunwetshwa okuvundlile okuzayo ngokungeza amatheku kungenzeka.

• Imithwalo ye-crane yaziwa kusenesikhathi futhi ihlala ngaphakathi kobubanzi bephothali eyongayo.

Khetha Uhlaka Lwensimbi Oluphakeme Oluphakeme Nini

• Umhlaba uyabiza, uvinjelwe, noma ulawulwa yimingcele yokuhlela.

• Uhlelo luhlanganisa ukukhiqiza, amahhovisi, indawo yokupaka, izinsiza, indawo yokugcina izinto, noma amalabhorethri kuzo zonke izitezi.

• Ukujikeleza okuqondile kungaphathwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokukhiqiza.

• Umnikazi udinga umthamo wedolobha elihlangene kunehholo lokukhiqiza elibanzi.

Khetha IHybrid noma Enye Isistimu Nini

• Ingosi ye-mezzanine ingahlangabezana nokuhlosiwe kwendawo ngaphandle kobunzima obugcwele bokuphakama okuphezulu.

• Iphothali ye-truss isebenza kahle kakhulu ezinkathini ezinde kakhulu.

• Iphothali esekelayo iyamukeleka ngoba ingxenye yamakholomu angaphakathi ayiphazamisi ukusebenza.

• Ihhovisi elinezitezi eziningi noma ibhulokhi yosizo ingahlala eduze kwehholo lokukhiqiza elinesitezi esisodwa.

• Uphahla lwegridi noma lwefreyimu yesikhala luyadingeka kujometri eyinkimbinkimbi noma isidingo esingavamile sophahla olude.

Uhlu Lokuhlola Lokuhlola Umthengisi Lobunjiniyela Besakhiwo Sensimbi

Imibuzo Okufanele Uyibuze Ngaphambi Kwentengo Yokugcina

• Iluphi uhlelo lwesakhiwo olucatshangwayo, futhi kungani lusebenza ngempumelelo kulo msebenzi?

• Ingabe isiphakamiso sisekelwe kuhlaka oluphakeme kakhulu, uzimele wephothali, iphothali ye-truss, isakhiwo segridi, noma isistimu ehlanganisiwe?

• Yiziphi imithwalo, amakhodi, izilinganiso zomlilo, imikhawulo yokuchezuka, namakilasi okugqwala afakiwe?

• Ingabe ama-cranes azayo, ama-mezzanines, amaphaneli elanga, izinsiza zokulenga, nezindawo zokunweba zifakiwe?

• Iyiphi indlela yokumiswa kanye nendlela yokuzinza kwesikhashana ecatshangwayo?

• Ubani onesibopho sokuklama ukuxhumana nokubala okugxiviziwe?

• Yini engabaliwe enanini lomphakeli?

Amadokhumenti Okufanele Uwacelwe

• Imidwebo yohlelo olujwayelekile kanye nezibalo zokuqala.

• Ishejuli yokulayisha, ifilosofi yokuxhuma, ukwakheka kwebholithi yehange, nokusabela kwesisekelo.

• Isitatimende sendlela yokumiswa kanye nohlelo lwe-QA lokwenziwa.

• Amapulani okuhlola ukushisela, ukufaka amabhawudi, okokunamathela kanye nokuvikela umlilo.

• I-cladding, insulation, control-vapor, kanye ne-roof-drainage specifications.

• Ukufakwa okucacisiwe kwama-cranes, ama-mezzanines, ama-pod asehhovisi, iminyango yamarola, ama-gutters, amapayipi aphansi, namasistimu okufinyelela.

I-Commercial Red Flags

• Alikho izinga lokuklama elishiwo noma ukuqagela komthwalo.

• I-tonnage yensimbi ephansi ngokungenangqondo ngaphandle kokusabela, imikhawulo yokuchezuka, noma incazelo yokusebenza.

• Okushiyelwe okungekho ekuvimbeleni umlilo, ukudonsa amanzi, imisebenzi yesikhashana, ama-coatings, okokufaka, noma ezokuthutha eziqondile.

• Ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo kuchazwe ngokungacacile noma kuncike ezindleleni zokulungisa zegeji yokukhanya ezingafanele.

• Abukho ubufakazi bamaphrojekthi aqediwe afanayo noma amarekhodi e-QA abhaliwe.

• Ayikho ingemuva elicacile lomphakeli, umlando wephrojekthi, noma iphrofayili yomkhiqizi ngokukhuthala okufanele.

Isiphetho

Ayikho isistimu engcono emhlabeni jikelele. Izakhiwo ze-portal workshop zivame ukusekela ukuhamba kwezimboni ezivundlile, izikhala ezicacile, nokulethwa okusheshayo. Amafreyimu ensimbi aphakeme aba yizinketho eziqinile lapho izindleko zomhlaba, imikhawulo yokuhlela, noma ukusetshenziswa okuxubile okunqwabelene kuthethelela ukwakheka okuphezulu, umlilo, i-MEP, nobunkimbinkimbi bokusebenzisana.

• Ithimba lephrojekthi kufanele lilungiselele ukwakheka okufushane kwekhasi elilodwa okuhlanganisa ukuhamba komsebenzi, ubude, ubude, amakhreni, nokunwetshwa.

• Ithimba lephrojekthi kufanele licele izikimu zemiqondo yezinketho zephothali, eziphakeme kakhulu, kanye nenhlanganisela lapho kungenzeka khona.

• Ithimba lephrojekthi kufanele lenze ngokwejwayelekile yonke ikhotheshini yobubanzi, amakhodi, imithwalo, isilinganiso somlilo, nokuqagela kwemvilophu

• Ithimba lephrojekthi kufanele liqhathanise izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi, hhayi kuphela amathani ensimbi noma inani leyunithi

• Ithimba lephrojekthi kufanele lifanelekele abahlinzeki ngezibalo, izinkomba, imibhalo ye-QA, nobufakazi obufanayo bephrojekthi.

FAQ

Q: Iyiphi eshibhile ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo sensimbi: ifreyimu yensimbi ephakeme kakhulu noma isakhiwo se-portal steel workshop?

A: Ama-workshops ephothali ngokuvamile ashibhile ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni ezinesitezi esisodwa. Izindleko zokugcina zisancike enanini lomhlaba, izisekelo, ukuvikela umlilo, amasistimu aphansi, ububanzi be-MEP, ukuvala, ukwahlukanisa, ama-cranes, nezimvume. Ukuphakama okuphezulu kungase kuthethelelwe lapho izindleko zomhlaba noma imingcele yokuhlela ibusa.

Q: Ngabe ifekthri yesakhiwo sensimbi kufanele isebenzise nini uhlaka lwensimbi oluphakeme kakhulu esikhundleni sohlaka lwengosi?

IMP: Ifekthri kufanele icabangele uhlaka oluphakeme kakhulu lapho umhlaba uboshiwe, izitezi eziningi zisebenza kahle, noma uhlelo luhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa namahhovisi, isitoreji, izinsiza, indawo yokupaka, noma amalabhorethri. Ukuhlelwa kokuma okuqondile akumele kunciphise inani lemali engenayo ngaphezu kwalokho okuvunyelwa ukongiwa komhlaba.

Q: Yisiphi isikhathi esivame ukusebenza kahle esakhiweni se-portal steel workshop?

A: Amafreyimu amaningi ephothali yezitolo awela cishe ku-9-36 m, nobubanzi obunjiniyela obubanzi bungenzeka. Ukusebenza kahle kuncike esikhaleni se-bay, ukulayishwa kophahla, ukuphakama kwe-eves, umsebenzi we-crane, imikhawulo yokuchezuka, ukuvala, umoya, iqhwa, isidingo sokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye nekhodi yendawo ebusayo.

Q: Uyini umehluko phakathi kohlaka lwephothali kanye ne-truss portal frame?

IMP: Uzimele wephothali ojwayelekile uncike esenzweni sekholomu ye-beam eqinile. Ingosi ye-truss isebenzisa amapulangwe angunxantathu noma ama-trusses ophahleni ukuze kuzuzwe ububanzi obukhulu noma ukwehlisa isisindo selungu. Izingosi ze-truss zingafanelana namahholo ezimboni abanzi kakhulu, ama-hangars, noma izidingo zophahla olusindayo.

Q: Ingabe isakhiwo sensimbi esenziwe ngaphambili sihlala sishesha ukwakha?

IMP: Ivamise ukufinyeza ukwenziwa nokwakhiwa, kodwa ubude besikhathi bephrojekthi busancike ekugunyazweni, ezisekelweni, ekunembeni kwebhawodi lehange, ukukhishwa komdwebo wesitolo, ukuthengwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuhlolwa, isimo sezulu, ukuhanjiswa kwesayithi, nokuxhumana kwe-MEP.

Umbuzo: Ingabe isakhiwo se-portal steel workshop sisekela ama-cranes noma ama-mezzanines?

A: Yebo, uma leyo mithwalo yenziwe kusukela ekuqaleni. Umthamo we-crane, umjikelezo womsebenzi, imithwalo yokuhlinza, ukusabela kwekholomu, imithwalo ebukhoma ye-mezzanine, ukudlidliza, ukusebenza kwephansi, nezibonelelo zokunwetshwa zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zifakwe ngaphambi kwentengo nokwenza.

Q: Iliphi iphutha elikhulu uma uqhathanisa izingcaphuno zeshabhu yesakhiwo sensimbi?

A: Iphutha elikhulu ukuqhathanisa intengo ngaphandle kokujwayelekile kobubanzi. Abathengi kufanele baqinisekise imithwalo, amakhodi, isilinganiso somlilo, amafawundeshini, ama-bracing, ama-coatings, i-cladding, insulation, iminyango, ama-cranes, ama-mezzanines, i-drainage, imininingwane yokuxhuma, kanye nesibopho sokuklama ngaphambi kokukhetha umhlinzeki.